Adapting to Life on Land

1. Adapting to Life on Land Chapter 21.1 Hickox: Baker High School

2. Characteristics of Plants (233) Review Photosynthesis Video • Multicellular eukaryote • Nucleus has true nucleus • Membrane-bound organelles • Thick cell walls of cellulose • Stem and leaves have waxy waterproof coating called _______________. • The cuticle helps plants to reduce water loss cuticle Hickox: Baker High School

3. Cuticle of a stem Hickox: Baker High School

4. What are the basic plant organs? (234) leaf Photosynthesis RAP Plant video: Form and Structure • A ________ is a plant organ that grows from the stem. • Photosynthesis usually occurs here • Plants have uniquely different shapes & sizes Hickox: Baker High School

5. What are the basic plant organs? (234) Roots Root hairs increase absorption area _________ are the plant organ that absorbs water and nutrients • Tissues transport • Anchor a plant to ground • Some function as food storage (sweet potatoes) Hickox: Baker High School

6. Basic plant organs (234) stem • A __________ provides support for growth • Moves water from roots to leaves • Moves sugar (food) from leaves to roots • Contains tissues for transporting food, water and other materials • Sometimes contain food storage or photosynthesis Hickox: Baker High School

7. Non-seed Vascular Plants 22.2 rhizome sporangia sorus What is the structure of ferns? 1. (has roots, stems, and leaves) 2. The main stem is underground and is called a ________. 3. On the under area of a frond, the leaves you may see tiny brown circles. These clusters are spore-producing __________. Each cluster forms a _______. Hickox: Baker High School

8. Most plants we are familiar with have stemsmade of tube-like, long cells for transportingwater and food called ________ ______ Most of the vascular tissue is found in the trunkandstems Vascular tissue Water Transport Video Hickox: Baker High School

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10. Vascular and Nonvascular Plants (235) Vascular plants long distance • Plants that contain vascular tissue are called ___________ _________. • Can transport water a _________ _________ • Have fibers to be able to grow tall • Nonvascular plants include mosses, hornworts, and liverworts and do not contain vascular tissue. • Reproduce with alternations of generations • Only are a few cells thick • Water and nutrients travel by osmosis • Live close to the ground Hickox: Baker High School

11. Hornwort (Nonvascular plant) Hickox: Baker High School

12. Nonvascular Plants Liverworts Hickox: Baker High School

13. Nonvascular Plants Moss Reproduction in Mosses Video Hickox: Baker High School

14. What is a seed? (235) seed diploid 29)A __________ is a plant organ that contains an embryo and food supply covered in a hard protective coat. 30) Protects the embryo from drying out 31) Seed are __________, since they contain two of each kind of chromosome. 32) In non-seed plants such as in mosses and fern, the sperm require a film of water on the plant in order to reach the EGG. • This is why moist habitats are required Hickox: Baker High School

15. Seed Embryo Seed coat Food supply COTYLEDON Hickox: Baker High School

16. What is alternation of generations in plants? (235) gametophyte haploid spores diploid haploid male female 33) Includes two stages, one generation is the ____________ generation, which produces gametes of ___________ cells. 34) During the sporophyte generation, _______ are produced, which are _________. 35) In non-seed vascular plants such as ferns, spores are released and grow into ____________ gametophyte plants, producing _______ and _________ gametes. Hickox: Baker High School

17. Alternation of Generations Asexual reproduction (2n) Sexual reproduction (1n) Hickox: Baker High School Hickox: Baker High School Biology.

18. Fern Life Cycle (alternation of generations) 36) In non-seed vascular plants such as ferns, spores are released and grow into haploidgametophyte plants, produce male andfemale gametes. Hickox: Baker High School

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31. Alternation of Generations Hickox: Baker High School

32. Mature Fern Sorus under frond Sporangium with spore diploid haploid Egg and Sperm unite producing Sporophyte Young sporophyte Spore Germinates Prothallus Archegonia & antheridium on Prothallus Hickox: Baker High School

33. Non-seed Vascular Plants 22.2 sporangia • Sporangia (spores) • Frond • Under frond - Sorus Hickox: Baker High School

34. Chapter 22.1 Reinforcement and Study Guide page 97 • 9. Nonvascular plants are not as common or as widespread as vascular plants (B) the life functions of nonvascular plants require a close association with water. • 10. The life cycle of nonvascular plants includes an alternation of generation between a (c) diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte) • Fossil and genetic evidence suggests that the first land plants were (C) liverworts. • Chapter 22.2 Reinforcement and Study Guide page 98 • Unlike vascular plants, the spore-producing (1) sporophyte is the dominant generation in vascular plants. A major advance in vascular plants was the adaptation of (2) leaves to form structures that protect the developing (3) reproductive cells or zygote. Hickox: Baker High School

35. What is a plant? (21.1 Adapting to Life on Land) • (Alternation of Generations) (6 – 18) • The lives of all plants consist of two alternating stages, or (6) generations. The gametophyte generation of a plant is responsible for development of (7) gametes. All cells of the gametophyte, including the gametes are haploid. The (9) sporophyte generation is responsible for the production of spores. All cells of the sporophyte are (10) diploid . The spores are produced by the sporophyte plant by (11) meiosis and are, therefore, haploid. • The lives of seed plants include two generations that alternate. • The generation of a plant responsible for producing gametes is the gametophyte generation. • Gametophyte spores are haploid and sporophyte tissue cells are diploid. Hickox: Baker High School

36. What is a plant? (21.1 Adapting to Life on Land) • Non-seed plants release spores into the environment that grow into gametophytes. • What is the difference between vascular and nonvascular plants? Vascular plants have long, tube-like cells that form tissues that transport food, water, and other materials. Nonvascular plants have thin tissues that allow nutrients and water to travel from one cell to another by osmosis and diffusion. • Some land plants produce seeds. What is their function? How do they differ from spores? Seeds protect the embryos and spores protect haploid cells and keep them from drying out. Seeds have a diploid embryo and a food supply that are covered with a protective coat. Spores have a haploid cell with a hard protective covering. Hickox: Baker High School

37. What is a plant? (21.1 Adapting to Life on Land) 18. How do algae and land plants take in substances? Algae live in water and absorb dissolved substances directly into their cells. Most land plants absorb dissolved substances from the soil. Hickox: Baker High School

38. Survey of the Plant Kingdom 21.2 (238) Botanists 37) Phylogeny of Plants (evolutionary history) • Scientists who study plants are ________ 38) Non-seed Plants: use sporesto reproduce. 39) Hepaticophytes: non-seed plants called liverworts; nonvascular, use osmosis and diffusion, to absorb water & nutrients 40) May be ancestors to all plants. Hickox: Baker High School

39. Survey of the Plant Kingdom 21.2 (239) Hornworts 41) Anthocerophytes are very small, nonvascular and grow in damp shady habitats. They rely on osmosisand diffusion to transport nutrients. Are also called _____________ (resemble horns of animals) Hickox: Baker High School

40. Survey of the Plant Kingdom 21.2 (239) 42) Bryophytes: are the mosses; are nonvascular; have cells that transport water and sugar. Usually less than 5 cm. tall. Mosses Hickox: Baker High School

41. Vascular plants Club mosses 43) Lycophytes: Vascular plants that have stems, roots, and leaves. Another name are the ______________ Hickox: Baker High School

42. Seed Plants: 44) Seed Plants:Have a seed that consists of a plant embryo and a foodsupply and covered by a hard protective coat. All seed plants have vascular tissue Hickox: Baker High School

43. Vascular plants cones Sega palms Cycads: 45) Look like palm trees but are not. 46) Produce male and female ________, are scaly structures that support male or female reproductive structures. • 47) Commonly called ________________ Hickox: Baker High School

44. Cycads Hickox: Baker High School

45. Survey of the Plant Kingdom 21.2 (241) Ginkgophytes: Ginkgo biloba are small trees with fan-shaped leaves. Male and female reproductive structures on separate trees. Hickox: Baker High School

46. Ginkgo biloba: male Ginkgo biloba: female Ginkgo biloba: sperm Hickox: Baker High School

47. Conifers cone 47) Conifers are _________ bearing trees. 48) Pine, fir, cypress, and redwood 49) Produce seeds in cones 50) Many have needlelike leaves Hickox: Baker High School

48. Douglas Fir: Conifer Hickox: Baker High School

49. Giant Sequoia: Conifer Hickox: Baker High School

50. Pacific yew: Conifer Common Juniper: Conifer Pine Tree: Conifer Hickox: Baker High School