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Understanding Energy Production: The Roles of Autotrophs and Heterotrophs in Cellular Respiration

This guide explores the processes of energy conversion in living organisms, highlighting the differences between autotrophs (producers) and heterotrophs (consumers). Key concepts include photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and the biochemical pathways leading to ATP production. It emphasizes the interconnection between these processes and their reliance on sunlight as the primary energy source. The journey from glucose to ATP involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, showcasing how organisms harvest and utilize energy for life.

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Understanding Energy Production: The Roles of Autotrophs and Heterotrophs in Cellular Respiration

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  1. Find the link… In your notes, separate all these organisms into 2 groups. (INDIVIDUALLY) Algae Zebra Venus Fly Trap Sheep Grass Lion Rabbit Snake

  2. Chapter 7 Energy From Food

  3. Messy Chapter!  • Lots of material • Important to read sections PRIOR to lesson

  4. Sunlight Powers Life • Certain organisms convert energy from sun to chemical energy in food… • Some make food themselves • AUTOtrophs producers (photosynthesis) • Some rely on others for food • HETEROtrophs consumers ALWAYS starts with the sun!

  5. Harvesting Energy in Food • Plants and other producers use light energy to make organic molecules • Cellular Respirationis the chemical process that uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in organic molecules into another form of energy ATP(main energy supply)

  6. Working Together • The products of photosynthesis are the chemical ingredients for cellular respiration • The products of cellular respiration are the chemical ingredients for photosynthesis

  7. Types of Energy (NRG) • Kinetic anything moving • Potential stored energy • Chemical form of potential, depends on the structure of molecules • Organic molecules have high chemical NRG • Calorie amount of NRG needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by one degree C • Kcal

  8. ATP packs energy for cellular work • Chemical NRG stored in foods (organic molecules) must first be converted to ATP What is ATP? Pg 143 Structure Adenosine TRI-phosphate How is works “compressed spring” joins chemical reaction potential NRG is released (loose 1 P) ATP ADP (lost a P, adenosine DI-phosphate)

  9. ATP Di • Adenosine Tri Phosphate • ATP ADP + P + energy • Energy released used in metabolic activity ENERGY P P P

  10. ATP & Cellular Work • What ATP does • energy for dehydration synthesis for linked AA • contraction of muscle cells • crossing across cell membrane • Electron transport chain

  11. ATP Cycle • ATP continuously converted to ADP as cells do work… but need cant use ADP… • Recycles! • Page 144

  12. Cellular Respiration  ATP • NRG in food used to make ATP(NRG for cellular work) • Cell Respiration happens in inner membrane of mitochondria • MANY STEPS!! Glycolysis  Krebs CycleElectron Transport Chain 38 ATP total

  13. ATP and Cell Respiration • Cell respiration main goal is to make ATP for cell work 6 Carbon Dioxide Glucose ATP 38 6 Water 6 Oxygen What you need to write… 1 Glucose  38 ATP

  14. Cellular Respiration  ATP • NRG in food used to make ATP(NRG for cellular work) • Cell Respiration happens in inner membrane of mitochondria • MANY STEPS!! Glycolysis  Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain 38 ATP total

  15. STOP

  16. Mitochondrion! • Cell respiration happens in the mito • Structure of mito is KEY to its role in respiration • Envelope of 2 membranes • Thick fluid between inner and outer membrane (called the matrix) • Complex folding high surface area  maximize ATP production

  17. Stage 1: Glycolysis Pg 149 • Occurs outside the mitochondria • In the cytoplasm • What glycolysisneeds (input) • 2 ATP molecules, 1 Glucose Molecule, 2 NAD+ • What glycolysisproduces (output) • 2 NET ATP (4 total) • 2 Pyruvic acids • 2 NADH (each holds 2 electrons)  TO ETC • 2 Water Molecules

  18. Steps of Glycolysis • What happens • 1. 2 ATP splits glucose in half Yields 2 Carbon molecules each with a P group • 2. Each carbon molecule transfers electrons AND hydrogen ions to a carrier molecule (NAD+) • 3. NAD+ then turns into NADH with the addition of the 2 electrons and 1 hydrogen • 4. Through a chemical reaction a P is taken from the carbon molecule forms ATP (2 for every NADH) INVESTED 2 ATP YIELDED 4 ATP  net gain 2ATP

  19. P P P P P P ATP e e ADP NAD+ NADH ATP ATP ADP ADP ATP 3 Carbon 3 Carbon 3 Carbon 6 Carbon 2 Pyruvic Acids 3 Carbon 3 Carbon 3 Carbon ADP Glucose ATP e e NAD+ NADH ATP Both NADH move to the ETC Add 2 ATP REACTIONS OCCUR RESULT 4 ATP BUT!! 2 invested so NET gain is 2 ATP

  20. Stage 2: The Krebs Cycle Pg 150 • Finishes the breakdown of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide (releases more NRG) • Where this occurs matrix of mito • Input Acetyl CoA • 1 Pyruvic acid – CO2 = 1 Acetyl CoA(happens twice) • During this we make 2 NADH and 2 Water molecules • Output 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2 the 6 NADH & 2 FADH2 go to the ETC

  21. The Krebs Cycle • 1. Acetyl CoA joins acceptor molecule • Produces 2 CO2 • 2. Electron Carriers (NADH & FADH2) trap NRG • 3. One ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 & 2 CO2 is produced for every 1 Acetyl CoA • THEREFORE… • KREBS turns TWICE for every 1 Acetyl CoA (also for every glucose)

  22. ALMOST DONE!!

  23. Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) pg 151-152 • Where inner membrane of mito • Input NADH transfer electrons to ETC • Output 34 ATP • Joins with 2 ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP from Krebs • 36-38 ATP total from 1 glucose molecule • Add 2 ATP to start reaction!

  24. The ETC 2 steps : ETC and ATP Synthase • 1. ALL electron carriers carry electrons to ETC • 2. Move down “chain” being more strongly attracted as they move from protein to protein • 3. Oxygen is the FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR, uses them to form water with hydrogen atoms • 4. AS electrons move, hydrogen atoms pumped across membrane from low to high concentration

  25. ATP Synthase • NRG stored from ETC used in ATP synthase • 5. Rush downhill through this structure • 6. Uses NRG from H+ ions to convert ADP ATP • 7. Makes 34 ATP

  26. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ALL H+ Pumped Down ETC of Glycolysis 2 NADH Run ATP Synthase Protein 3 Protein 1 Protein 4 P2 4 e- 4 e- 4 e- ½ O2 Makes Water 2 NADH 2 NAD+ H+ H+ H+ H+ 6 ATP Molecules H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+

  27. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ALL H+ Pumped Down ETC of Pyruvate 2 NADH Run ATP Synthase Protein 3 Protein 1 Protein 4 P2 4 e- 4 e- 4 e- ½ O2 Makes Water 2 NADH 2 NAD+ H+ H+ H+ H+ 6 ATP Molecules H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+

  28. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ALL H+ Pumped Down ETC of Krebs 6 NADH Run ATP Synthase Protein 3 Protein 1 Protein 4 P2 12 e- 12 e- 12 e- ½ O2 Makes Water 6 NADH 6 NAD+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ 18 ATP Molecules H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+

  29. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ETC of Krebs 2 FADH2 Run ATP Synthase Protein 3 Protein 1 Protein 4 4 e- P2 2 FAD+ 2 FADH2 4 ATP

  30. ATP Synthase • 2 NADH from Glycolysis forms 12 H+ Ions, 6 ATP • 2 NADH from Pyruvate forms 12 H +Ions, 6 ATP • 6 NADH from Krebs 36 H+ ions, 18 ATP • 2 FADH2 from Krebs  4 ATP (no ions) 34 ATP made TOTAL ALL GO THROUGH PROCESS of pumping 1 H+ ion for every 1 electron (every carrier has 2 electrons)

  31. Summary • Glycolysis • Out of mito • 1 Glucose2 Pyruvic Acids, 4 ATP made, 2 NADH • 2 Pyruvic  2 Acetyl CoA 2 NADH and 2 H20 • Krebs • Matrix fluid inside inner membrane of mito • 2 Acetyl CoA 4 CO2 , 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 • ETC • Inner membrane • 34 ATP made from electron carriers PLUS the ATP made during glycolysis and Krebs = NET ATP 38 (-2 put in) = 36 GAINED ATP

  32. 7.5 Cellular Respiration

  33. Today… • Review Cellular Respiration • Learn 7.6 Fermentation • Video clip on muscle strength and cellular respiration • Reflection Activity

  34. What we know… • Body uses oxygen & chemical energy to make ____________ (NRG for cell work) • Cellular respiration has 3 steps • 1.____________, makes _____ATP • 2.____________, makes _____ATP • 3.____________, makes _____ATP But what if there is no oxygen present? ATP Glycolysis 2 Krebs 2 ETC 34

  35. 7.6 Fermentation • Some of your cells can produce ATP and continue working for short periodswithout oxygen • Where this can happen • Muscle Cells • Microorganisms

  36. Fermentation in Muscles Makes ATP only through glycolysis • Does not use oxygen (anaerobic) • Not very efficient but by burning enough glucose it creates enough ATP for short bursts of NRG • Sprint lungs and blood stream cant supply oxygen fast enough to meet needs for ATP

  37. Fermentation in Muscles • Side effects of fermentation • Lactic acid • Soreness • Body consumes oxygen to convert lactic acid to pyruvic acid

  38. Fermentation in Microorganisms • Yeast • Fermentationand cell respiration • Kept in anaerobic conditions (no oxygen) they use fermentation • Kept in aerobic (presence of oxygen) conditions they respiration • Yeast fermentation produces alcohol; releases CO2 • Also in breads

  39. Video Clip How training prevents the use of fermentation in muscles

  40. Reflection ActivityIndividually • Design your own organisms! • An anaerobic organism • ( no oxygen, it will kill it) • An aerobic organism (oxygen to survive) • An organism that can do both • Describe its living conditions (where does it live, what does it eat, is it social…etc)

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