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Comprehensive Overview of SO2 Emissions and Their Sources

This document delves into sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions, examining their calculation methods and major sources as outlined by the EPA. It covers the contributions from coal, oil, gas combustion, petroleum refining, and non-road diesel. The focus is on emission factors—how they are defined, calculated, and validated against actual emissions. We explore the relationship between fuel quality, sulfur content, and resulting emissions, utilizing 1996 trends data to highlight key sources and trends in SO2 emissions, aiming for a better understanding of sustainable air quality management.

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Comprehensive Overview of SO2 Emissions and Their Sources

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  1. SO2 Emissions Kristin Burford 23/April/01 ME 449A: Sustainable Air Quality

  2. Table of Contents • Purpose and Methods • EPA Emission Preparation • Major Sources of SO2 • Coal Combustion • Oil Combustion • Gas Combustion • Petroleum Refining • Non-Road Diesel

  3. Purpose and Methods • Determine how the SO2 emissions were calculated by the EPA • Find out general emission calculation information • Determine major sources of SO2 according to 1996 Trends Data (Link to Trends) • Explore the specific factors which influence the the SO2 emissions for the major sources

  4. EPA Emission Preparation • How are emissions determined? • Two factors: source information and emission factors General Equation: Emission = Emission Factor*Quality of Consumed Fuel • emission factors found in AP42 (link to AP42) • qualities of consumed fuel include amount of fuel, energy produced, % of precursor element in the fuel • In this study, the focus is on emission factors and how they are calculated • EPA rates the emission factors from A (best) to E according to how well the calculated emission correlates with the actual emission

  5. Major Sources of SO2

  6. Coal Combustion • About 60-70% of SO2 Emissions • Coal Rank: • anthracite - more C, less volatile, rare • bituminous - less C & more volatile than anthracite, most common • sub-bituminous - lower S, more volatile & moisture than bituminous • Uncontrolled emission factors (lbs SO2/ton coal): • 38*%S - bituminous Rating: A • 35*%S - sub-bituminous Rating: A • 39*%S - anthracite Rating: B • Have shown good correlation between calculated and actual emissions

  7. Oil Combustion • About 10-20% of total SO2 emissions • Uncontrolled emission factor (lbs SO2/103 gal): 0.98(MWSO2/MWS)(%S/100)x oil density x 1000 (oil gallons) Rating: A • Variables: • 98% conversion assumed • %S • oil density • assumed 7 for distillate and 8 for residual • actual range 6.97- 7.03 (distillate) 7.95-8.17 (residual)

  8. Gas Combustion • 5-10% of total SO2 emissions • Uncontrolled emission factor: (S grains/100 ft3)(lb/7000 grains)(ft3/1000 gal)(2 lb SO2/lb S) = 0.6 lbs SO2/106 std. ft3 (scft) gas Rating: A • Assumes 100% conversion of fuel S to SO2 and 2000 grains of S/106 scft. • Can convert emission factor to energy units using the average heating value of the gas (good approximation?) • Actual emissions not measured • Conservative, assume all S --> SO2

  9. Petroleum Refining • No background documentation for emission factors • Includes conversion of crude oil to over 2500 different products • Multiple Processes • Separation • Conversion • Treating • Feedstock and product handling • Auxiliary processes • The emission factors presented in the AP42 have large ranges, probably depending on the purity of the product

  10. Non-Road Diesel • Not included in AP-42 online • Emissions based on : travel & rate of emission • SO2 based on 0.25% S in fuel (can be adjusted)

  11. The End Questions? Comments? Suggestions?

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