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Rights: Definitions, Distinctions, and Their Implications

melangell avatar
melangell
10 diapositives · 271 Views · Oct 15, 2013

The nature and assertions of rights, highlighting their self-evident status and equal weight across types. It defines rights as claims founded on vital community-recognized values, imposing duties on others to protect the claimants' interests. The discussion contrasts moral, legal, positive, and negative rights, emphasizing the significance of indelible and inalienable rights. Additionally, it examines the historical context of rights derivation, including pivotal documents like the U.S. Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights, and their roles in empowering citizens while reducing vulnerability.

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  1. RIGHTS DEFINITIONS DISTINCTIONS DERIVATION

  2. MISUNDERSTANDINGS ABOUT RIGHTS • THE ASSERTION OF A RIGHT = THE EXISTENCE OF A RIGHT • RIGHTS ARE SELF-EVIDENT • THE ASSERTION OF A RIGHT ENTAILS NOTHING BEYOND THE ASSERTION • THERE ARE NO SUBSTANTIAL DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN KINDS OF RIGHT • ALL RIGHTS HAVE EQUAL STATUS

  3. DEFINITIONS • BASIC DEFINITION • CLAIM BASED UPON AN IMPORTANT VALUE, • RECOGNIZED BY THE COMMUNITY, • IMPOSING A DUTY ON ANOTHER TO ACT OR FOREBEAR, • THEREBY PROTECTING THE CLAIMANT IN THE PURSUIT OF THE VALUE. • RIGHTS CONFER POWER AND PROTECTION • RIGHTS LANGUAGE IS OFTEN ADVERSARIAL

  4. ALTERNATIVE DEFINITION • A RIGHT ENTAILS AN OBLIGATION OR DUTY IMPOSED ON ANOTHER, REQUIRING A CONSENSUS IN IDENTIFYING THE BEARER OF THE DUTY, TO ACT OR FOREBEAR IN A WAY, WHICH PROMOTES THE GOOD EMBODIED IN THE RIGHT FOR THE WELFARE OF THE CLAIMANT.

  5. DISTINCTIONS • MORAL • [WISHES] APPEAL TO THE ENLIGHTENED CONSCIENCE • “HUMAN RIGHTS” FLOW FROM HUMAN NATURE • LEGAL • [POWER TO SUE] APPEAL TO CODES OF LAW • POSITIVE • IMPOSE A DUTY TO ACT • NEGATIVE • IMPOSE A DUTY TO FOREBEAR [BEHAVE WITH RESTRAINT]

  6. ADDITIONAL DISTINCTION • INDEFEASIBLE RIGHTS • RIGHTS WHICH OTHERS CANNOT JUSTIFIABLY OVERRIDE • INALIENABLE RIGHTS • RIGHTS WHICH THE BEARER MAY NOT RENOUNCE

  7. DERIVATION OF RIGHTS • GOODS [THAT ARE VALUED] • Colonists Coming to America (17th & 18th Centuries) • INDISPENSABLE GOODS/VALUES TO ACHIEVE SPECIFIC GOALS • Colonists Developing Goods/Values for Self-Determination (18th Century) • ASSERTION OF MORAL RIGHTS [WISHES] • U.S. Declaration of Independence (1776) • CODIFICATION OF LEGAL RIGHTS [STRUCTURED PROTECTIONS AND THE ABILITY TO SUE] • U.S. Bill of Rights (1791)

  8. WHY A BILL OF RIGHTS • A MAJOR PART OF DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS • REDUCES CITIZEN VULNERABILITY • PROTECTS CITIZENS FROM EXCESSES • EMPOWERS CITIZENS • GIVES CITIZENS A VOICE • GIVES CITIZENS STANDING • ALLOWS CITIZENS TO PARTICIPATE IN THE DETERMINATION OF THEIR DESTINY

  9. U.S. CONSTITUTIONAMENDMENT XIV; SECTION 1 • ALL PERSONS BORN OR NATURALIZED IN THE UNITED STATES, AND SUBJECT TO THE JURISDICTION THEREOF, ARE CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES AND OF THE STATE WHEREIN THEY RESIDE. • NO STATE SHALL MAKE OR ENFORCE ANY LAW WHICH ABRIDGES THE PRIVILEGES OR IMMUNITIES OF CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES; • NOR SHALL ANY STATE DEPRIVE ANY PERSON OF LIFE, LIBERTY, OR PROPERTY, WITHOUT DUE PROCESS OF LAW; • NOR DENY TO ANY PERSON WITHIN ITS JURISDICTION THE EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAWS.

  10. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS • ENTITLED TO THE CONSTITUTION’S PROTECTION • “OBJECTIVELY, ‘DEEPLY ROOTED IN THIS [SOCIETY’S] HISTORY AND TRADITION,’ AND ‘IMPLICIT IN THE CONCEPT OF ORDERED LIBERTY,’ SUCH THAT ‘NEITHER LIBERTY NOR JUSTICE COULD EXIST IF THEY WERE SACRIFICED.’” • Washington v. Glucksberg. U.S. Supreme Court (1997).