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15 th Atlantic Exploration

15 th Atlantic Exploration. Andrew Liebenow. What is Atlantic exploration?. Who were the first Atlantic explorers?. Not the Spanish or Italians. The Portuguese. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) Henry’s motives, according to Gomes Eanes de Zurara , a contemporary of Henry:

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15 th Atlantic Exploration

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  1. 15th Atlantic Exploration Andrew Liebenow

  2. What is Atlantic exploration?

  3. Who were the first Atlantic explorers? • Not the Spanish or Italians. The Portuguese. • Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) • Henry’s motives, according to Gomes Eanes de Zurara, a contemporary of Henry: • “The desire to know the country beyond Cape Bojador • To establish trade relations advantageous to Portugal • To determine the strength of his enemies in the region • To seek allies to help wage battles against the enemies of Christianity • To spread Christianity”

  4. Beginnings of Portuguese exploration • Battle of Ceuta, 1415 • Two motives: knightly honor and crusade • Small and unprepared garrison easily defeated. • Portugal’s crusading legacy • Expulsion of Muslims from Algarve in 13th century

  5. Shifting motives • Capture of Istanbul in 1453 • Idea of ocean route to India does not appear until Henry’s death (1460)

  6. Nautical technology: celestial navigation • Need for improved navigation • The kamal • 9th century • Quadrantand astrolabe • Ephemeris • Magnetic compass

  7. Nautical technology: meteorological and oceanographic knowledge • Wind patterns • Currents

  8. Nautical technology: shipbuilding • The caravel • Speed • Could sail against the wind (tacking) • The nau or carrack • Designed for long oceangoing voyages

  9. Frontiers • Technological • Navigation • Shipbuilding • Psychological • Knowledge of what’s out there • Fear of unknown waters, the “Sea of Darkness” • Political • Reconquistaand the beginning of the Age of Exploration • Religious • Christian Portugal and Muslim North Africa • Prester John and his kingdom

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