Presentation Transcript

1. Chapter 6Exploration, Isolation, & The Atlantic World

   Chapters 3 and 4 in text Pages 92 to 149
2. Europeans Seek New Trade Routes 1275, Marco Polo (Italian) reached China, but at that time most Europeans didn’t have the interest or ability to explore Early 1400’s led to spread of Christianity, advances in sailing technology, & an interest in exploration New Wealth – main reason for change in attitude Trade of spices & luxury goods from Asia to European markets Muslims sold Asian goods to Italian merchants, Italians then resold items to European merchants, who then resold them again to public Each time resold, the price increased
3. Spread of Christianity – Belief they had a sacred duty continue to fight the Muslims and to convert non-Christians throughout the world While converting, hoped to obtain Asian goods directly from the people instead of buying them from Muslims New Technology – made discovery voyages possible 1200 – European ships couldn’t sail against the wind 1400 – Caravel invented; studier, triangle sails allowed to sail against the wind - Astrolabe; brass circle with adjustable rings marked off in degrees, rings used to sight stars, captains could calculate latitude - Magnetic Compass; invented by Chinese
4. Portugal Reaches Asia Leader in developing and using new sailing innovations First to establish trading outpost along the West coast of Africa & then went into Indian Ocean Prince Henry of Portugal “The Navigator” was determined to reach the sources of spices, gold, silver, & jewels. Also wanted to spread Christianity. 1419 – founded a navigation school for mapmakers, shipbuilders, sea captains, and scientist for new instruments & technology
5. Henry used his own fortune to organize 14 voyages along west coast of Africa – went into debt – crown spent 60+ years to pay off debt 1460 – Prince Henry died, but before his death Portugal had a series of trade post along the west African coast Gold, ivory, and traded African captives to be used as slaves 1488 – Wanted to reach Asia & believed they had to travel around the tip of Africa to reach Asia Captain Bartolomeu Dias - reached tip of Africa, storm caused ship to travel to other side, he explored southeast coast of Africa, & then returned home due to lack of supplies
6. 1497 – Vasco da Gama began exploring east African coast 1498 – he reached India & found spices, rare silks, and precious gems 1499 – returned with all of their finds from India, the cargo was worth 60 times the cost of the voyage Result – Portugal had a direct sea route to India; 27,000 miles by ship
7. Portugal’s Trading Empire… Trading empire throughout the Indian Ocean Took control of the spice trade from Muslims Now more Europeans could afford these items Stopped Muslims reaching India by taking control of the Straits of Hormuz 1510, captured Goa – a port city on India’s west coast & made it the capital of their trading empire 1511, seized control of the Strait of Malacca - gave them control of the Moluccas; islands rich in spices & they became known as the “Spice Islands”
8. Other Nations Challenge Portugal The Dutch Republic, AKA The Netherlands – 1581 – declared independence from Spain & quickly became a leader in the seas 1600 – Owned largest fleet of ships in the world, 20,000 vessels Removed Portuguese’s control in the Asian region Established the Dutch East India Company… Trade throughout Asia Power to mint money, make treaties, & raise their own armies More powerful than the English’s India Company – they drove English out of region and established dominance
9. 1619 – established trading headquarters in Batavia on the island of Java Seized Spice Islands from Portugal Amsterdam became a leading commercial center due to all of the Asian goods entering the region 1700 – ruled most of Indonesia & Cape of Good Hope on Southern tip of Africa
10. British – Established the English East India Company Created outpost in India Successful in trading Indian cloth French – Established the French East India Company Faced continuous attacks by the Dutch Created outpost in India, but wasn’t successful
11. Spain & The New World Desperate to follow in Portugal’s footsteps and establish trade routes to Asia and trading post 1492 – Christopher Columbus (Italian) had Spain finance a voyage to find a route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Aug. 3, 1492 - Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria left Spain
12. Oct. 12, 1492 – found one of the Bahaman Islands in the Caribbean Sea, but thought he had reached the East Indies Called the natives “Indians” He claimed land for Spain & named it San Salvador; “Holy Savior” Voyage led to the colonization of the Americas Portuguese believed he had reached Asia & claimed land for Spain that Portugal had found first
13. Strong rivalry began b/t the two countries 1493- Pope Alexander VI stepped in to keep peace suggested an imaginary division line draw north to south through the Atlantic Ocean – Line of Demarcation All land to west – belonged to Spain All land to east – belonged to Portugal Complained that line gave too much to Spain & line was moved farther west to include modern day Brazil
14. 1493 – Columbus returned to Spain & the monarchs agreed to finance 3 more voyages September he left for his 2nd trip with 17 ships carrying over 1,000 soldiers, crewmen, & colonist Spain wanted to colonized the new lands 1494 – Spain & Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas Both agreed to honor the line
15. Portugal & The New World 1500 – Pedro Alvares Cabral reached Brazil & claimed the land for Portugal 1501 – Amerigo Vespucci (Italian, sailed for Portugal) traveled along the South America’s east coast was the first to state the land was NOT Asia, but a “new” world 1507 – German mapmaker named the new world “America” in honor of Amerigo
16. Spain & the Pacific Ocean Vasco Nunez de Balboa explored modern day Panama on foot and was the first European to see the Pacific ocean 1519 – Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese) convinced the King of Spain to fund voyages to explore the newly discovered ocean Five ships & 250 men sailed around the tip of South America & into the Pacific Explored Guam Reached the Philippines where a local war was occurring & Magellan was killed One ship & 18 crew members returned to Spain in 1522 First to circumnavigate (sail around) the world
17. Spanish Conquests in Mexico Spanish explorers known as Conquistadors Heard of rumors of gold & silver Spanish were the first European settlers in the Americas 1519 – Hernando Cortes landed in present day Mexico Marched inland with 600 men to claim land for Spain Finally reached the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan Emperor Montezuma II thought Cortes was a god & agreed to give Spanish a portion of their supply of gold
18. Spring 1520 – Cortez’s men killed many Aztec warriors and chiefs while they were celebrating a religious festival June 1520 – Aztecs rebelled & drove Cortez’s men out 1521 – Cortez & men fought back & conquered the Aztecs even though they were out numbered Superior weaponry – muskets & cannons Help from various native groups who hated the Aztecs Disease – measles, mumps, smallpox, & typhus killed natives by the hundreds of thousands Eventually disease would kill millions of locals in S. America
19. Spanish Conquests Peru 1532 – Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire 200 men met Incan ruler Atahualpa who had an army of 30,000, but only brought several thousand unarmed to the meeting Spanish kidnapped Atahualpa & ambushed his men Ransom for Atahualpa was a room filled with once with gold & twice with silver – ransom was paid & Spanish killed ruler Pizarro & men easily captured the Incan capital, Cuzco in 1533
20. Spain’s Colonization Also conquered the following places… Mayans in Yucatan Guatemala New Spain (Mexico & Guatemala) Some land in Caribbean and Central & South America Spanish settlers in the Americas were known as peninsulares & were mostly men Native women began relationships with Spanish men Led to a large mestizo population Mixed between Native Americans & Spanish
21. Oppressed the native people & forced them to follow the Spanish law Natives were forced to work for Spanish in a system known as encomienda Farmed Ranched Mined for gold & silver Worked to death sometimes
22. Portuguese in Brazil 1500 – Cabral claimed land 1530’s – settlers arrived in the coastal region Began growing sugar b/c little gold & silver found Chopped down forest & built Sugar Plantations Colony was huge success b/c there was a HUGE demand for sugar in Europe Eventually spread west into the country to produce more sugar
23. Spain’s Influence Expands By 1540, claimed land from Mexico to Peru 1541, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado led expedition throughout Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, & Kansas Called area New Mexico Very little gold Spain sent mostly priests to colonize the United States Built capital called “Santa Fe” – “Holy Faith” Spread Christianity & pushed for better treatment of Native Americans
24. French in North America Giovanni da Verrazzano – Italian / sailed for France 1524, sailed to North America Discovered New York Harbor Jacques Cartier Eastern coast of Canada & he named the St. Lawrence River Found present day Montreal Samuel de Champlain Founded Quebec – became base for empire “New France”
25. Jacques Marquette & Louis Joliet Marquette was a French Jesuit Priest Joliet was a trader Explored the Great Lakes & upper Mississippi River Sieur de La Salle Explored the lower Mississippi River He claimed the entire river valley for France Named it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV
26. French Settlers in New France… 1760, population 65,000 Most colonist had no desire to build towns &/or raise families Priest who wanted to convert Young single men interested in making money by fur trading
27. English in North America 1606, London investors received a charter from King James to found a colony Started with 3 ships & 100 settlers 1607, reached Virginia & named settlement Jamestown Founded by Sir Walter Raleigh 1st permanent settlement for England in N. Am. Settlers wanted to find gold NOT plant crops At first, 7 out of every 10 people died of hunger, disease, or from battles with natives Eventually discovered tobacco & town became successful
28. 1620, Pilgrims… 2nd English colony Plymouth in Massachusetts The Mayflower (ship) In search of religious freedom 1630, Puritans… Established a larger colony at Massachusetts Bay In search of religious freedom & build a model community
29. The Dutch in North America 1609, Henry Hudson – English / sailed for Netherlands Explored waterways now known as the Hudson River, Hudson Bay, and Hudson Strait Dutch established a fur trade with the Iroquois Indians Trading post at Albany & on Manhattan Island New colony known as “New Netherland”
30. English Oust the Dutch 1664, King Charles II allowed his brother the Duke of York to drive the Dutch out of New Netherland York arrived with fleet & Dutch surrendors without shots being fired English renamed colony “New York” By 1750, about 1.2 million English lived in the 13 colonies along the east coast from Maine to Georgia
31. England Battles France England wanted more land & went west 1754, dispute over land in the Ohio Valley led to the French & Indian War British defeated the French in 1763 Seized control of eastern half of N. America
32. Causes of African Slavery European colonist needed cheap labor for plantations & farms Were using Native Americans, but death due to diseases led to a labor shortage Why Africans? had been exposed to diseases & built up an immunity Experience in farming & could be taught plantation work Less likely to escape b/c they didn’t know the land Skin color made it easier to catch if they escaped & tried to live with others
33. Europeans didn’t travel into Africa, they went to ports on the coast, where local rulers captured Africans to be enslaved, & traded them for gold, guns, etc. From 1500-1600 - 300,000 Africans were transported to U.S. By the time the Atlantic Slave Trade ended in 1870 about 9.5 million Africans were brought to America England was the leader in slave trade About 1.7 million by 1807 when England abolished the trade
34. A Forced Journey Europeans brought goods to Africa & traded for slaves Africans traveled across Atlantic & sold in West Indies Europeans bought sugar, coffee, & tobacco in the West Indies and brought them back to Europe Merchants brought rum & other goods from colonies to Africa Exchanged goods for slaves Africans brought to West Indies & sold them for sugar & molasses Goods were then sold to rum producers in New England
35. Slavery in the Americas Africans auction off to highest bidder Slaves worked in mines, in fields, or as domestic servants Lived on little food, in small huts Worked long hours Suffered beatings Lifelong
36. Resistance & Rebellion Developed way of life based upon cultural heritage Musical traditions Stories of ancestors Made themselves less productive… Broke tools Uprooted plants Worked slow Ran away
37. The Columbian Exchange Global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during colonization of Americas People returned to Europe, Africa, & Asia with items people NEVER saw before… Tomatoes Squash Pineapples Tobacco Cacao Beans (chocolate) Turkeys
38. Global Trade Two factors lead to a wave of new business & trade practices Many have served as root of today’s financial market Rise of Capitalism – Economic system based upon private ownership & investment or resources for profit Government no longer the sole owners of wealth Businesses in Europe grew & flourished Increase in nation’s money supply = inflation = rise in the price of goods
39. 2. Joint Stock Companies – Worked like modern corporations Investors buy shares of stock in company, people combining wealth for a common purpose = colonize America Great Risk Est. Jamestown
40. Growth of Mercantilism Country’s power depended mainly on its wealth Result – every nation wanted as much wealth as possible Could increase wealth two ways… Obtain as much gold & silver as possible Colonies provided raw materials that couldn’t be found in Europe & provided new markets to sell its goods 2. Favorable Balance of Trade – sold more goods than you bought Become self-sufficient
41. Changes in European Society Spurred the growth of towns & rise of a merchant class Merchants & Traders allowed social mobility Increased wealth in European nations Creation of national identity Much of populations continued to live in rural areas Majority remained poor