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Fragments and Run-on Sentences

Fragments and Run-on Sentences. Chapters 24 and 25. Sentence Fragments. A sentence fragment is a group of words that lacks a subject or a verb and does not express a complete thought. The most common types of fragments are: Dependent-word - ing and –to Added-detail Missing-subject.

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Fragments and Run-on Sentences

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  1. Fragments and Run-on Sentences Chapters 24 and 25

  2. Sentence Fragments • A sentence fragmentis a group of words that lacks a subject or a verb and does not express a complete thought. The most common types of fragments are: • Dependent-word • -ingand –to • Added-detail • Missing-subject

  3. Dependent-Word Fragments • A clause that begins with a subordinator (ordependent word) is a dependent clause. • These examples are notindependent clauses. • If a tornado sweeps across the plains. • Because snow is beautiful in the moonlight.

  4. How to Correct Dependent-Word Fragments • Dependent clause fragments begin with a subordinatingconjunction(because, since, before). • Incorrect: Although air traffic controllers regulate flight patterns. • Corrected:Although air traffic controllers regulate traffic patterns, they cannot control the weather.

  5. “ing” and “to”Fragments • -ingFragment: • Jogging in the park on a beautiful day. • -to Fragment: • To take advantage of sunlight in photography.

  6. Added-Detail FragmentsLack a Subject and a Verb While we sat there waiting. For example, how he ate his food.

  7. Missing-Subject Fragments • The subject in one sentence cannot apply A subject and a verb must be present in each sentence. • Incorrect:But then changed his mind and walked anyway. • Revised:Bob didn’t want to walk all the way to town, but then changed his mind and walked anyway.

  8. Locating Sentence Fragments • -Locate the subject. • Locate the verb. • Inspires many poets and song writers. (This lacks a subject.) • The pleasant weather of May. (This lacks a verb.)

  9. Locating Sentence Fragments • Look for relative pronouns. • Relative pronouns introduce clauses that modify nouns or pronouns (who, which, that). • Incorrect: The instructor who argued against class cancellations for snow. • Revised: The instructor who argued against class cancellations for snow was very unrealistic.

  10. Correcting Sentence Fragments • Combine the fragment with the sentence that precedes it or with the sentence that follows it. • Incorrect: Dramatic weather conditions do not always cause disasters. But at times create beautiful situations as well. • Revised:Dramatic weather conditions do not always cause disasters but at times create beautiful situations.

  11. Decide if the sentence group is a fragment: My Aunt Marie being a good cook. Fragment

  12. Decide if the sentence group is a fragment: She can spend hours reading a cook book. Correct

  13. Decide if the sentence group is a fragment: Special desserts such as pecan pies, chocolate cheese-cakes, and pumpkin cake roll. Fragment

  14. Decide if the sentence group is a fragment: For example, ice cream and chocolate cake. Fragment

  15. Decide if the sentence group is a fragment: Filled with cream and sugar, these delicacies contain hundreds of calories. Correct

  16. Decide if the sentence group is a fragment: It often seems that any food item that tastes good is fattening. Correct

  17. The Two Types of Run-on Sentences Fused Sentences: They are fused or joined together as if they were only one thought. Comma Splices: A comma is used to connect or “splice” together the two complete thoughts. A comma alone isNOT ENOUGHto connect two complete sentences.

  18. Correcting Run-on Sentences • There are three common methods of correcting a run-on: • Use a period and a capital letter. • Use a comma plus a joining word (and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet) to connect the two complete thoughts. • Use a semicolon to connect the two complete thoughts:

  19. Correcting Run-on Sentences • One way of correcting a run-on is to use a period and a capital letter between the two complete sentences. Use this method especially if the thoughts are not closely related. • Incorrect:Kristin plays the guitar well she hopes to start her own band. • Revision: Kristin plays the guitar well. She hopes to start her own band.

  20. Correcting Run-on Sentences • Another way of correcting a run-on is to use a comma plus a joining word to connect the two complete thoughts. There are seven joining words (also called conjunctions). • Kristin plays the guitar well, and she hopes to start her own band.

  21. Adding a Coordinating Conjunction One way to remember the seven coordinating “FANBOYS” conjunctions is to put them in this order: For And Nor But Or Yet So EXAMPLE: Michael plays the trumpet well, so he hopes to be selected for the jazz band.

  22. Correcting Run-on Sentences • A third method of correcting a run-on is to use a semicolon to mark the break between two sentences. • A semicolon looks like a period above a comma. • When it is used to correct run-ons, the semicolon can be used alone or with a transitional word. Kristin plays the guitar well; she hopes to start her own band. Also correct: Kristin plays the guitar well; consequently, she hopes to start her own band.

  23. Correcting Run-on Sentences • A fourth method of correcting a run-on is to use subordination. • Incorrect: Michael didn’t want to miss the bus, he started to run. • Revised:Because Michael didn’t want to miss the bus, he started to run.

  24. Learning to Identify and Correct Comma Splices • The temperature dropped below freezing last night. We had to bring our plants indoors. Correct Practice Review: Identify each entry as correct or incorrect

  25. Learning to Identify and Correct Comma Splices • The temperature dropped below freezing last night; we had to bring our plants indoors. Correct Practice Review: Identify each entry as correct or incorrect

  26. Learning to Identify and Correct Comma Splices • The temperature dropped below freezing last night, so we had to bring our plants indoors. Correct Practice Review: Identify each entry as correct or incorrect

  27. Learning to Identify and Correct Comma Splices • The temperature dropped below freezing last night, we had to bring our plants indoors. Incorrect Practice Review: Identify each entry as correct or incorrect

  28. Learning to Identify and Correct Comma Splices • Because the temperature dropped below freezing last night, we had to bring our plants indoors. Correct Practice Review: Identify each entry as correct or incorrect

  29. Learning to Identify and Correct Comma Splices • If the temperature drops below freezing tonight, we must remember to bring our plants indoors. Correct Practice Review: Identify each entry as correct or incorrect

  30. Learning to Identify and Correct Comma Splices • The temperature dropped below freezing last night, therefore, we had to bring our plants indoors. Incorrect Practice Review: Identify each entry as correct or incorrect

  31. Learning to Identify and Correct Comma Splices • The temperature dropped below freezing last night, thus, we had to bring our plants indoors. Incorrect Practice Review: Identify each entry as correct or incorrect

  32. Learning to Identify and Correct Comma Splices • The temperature dropped below freezing last night we had to bring our plants indoors. Incorrect Practice Review: Identify each entry as correct or incorrect

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