Biotechnology and Agriculture: Key Issues of Concern in Taiwan 蔡 嘉 寅 November 20, 2007

1. Biotechnology and Agriculture: Key Issues of Concern in Taiwan 蔡 嘉 寅 November 20, 2007

2. Overview: •What is biotechnology •What is genetic engineering and its applications •What are the major global concerns related to environment and agriculture •What are the key agricultural issues in Taiwan

3. Biotechnology covers a wide spectrum: Brewing to organismal cloning Genetic engineering

5. Tg pig 8-3 酷比一號 酷比二號 酷比三號 Nuclear donor-pig Tg-cloned pigs Fig. Each of the cloned pigs appears similar black–blue spots on there rear back skin. (Wu et al., 2002)

6. What is genetic engineering and its applications

7. Transcription Translation DNA ----------> RNA ----------> Protein

8. Why transgenic organisms? Constraint due to sexual incompatibility

15. DNA transfer 基因子彈 bang! 基因鎗 Nucleus 植物細胞 農業試驗所農藝組

16. 基因射擊後之表現 農業試驗所農藝組

19. 細胞再生成植株 農業試驗所農藝組

22. Figure. Comparison on the retarding effects on the yellowing of harvested floral heads in transformed and non-transformed broccoli. A,B,C,D: ipt transformed lines, E: non-transformed control; Upper row: pictured at the day detached; Lower row: after harvest and stored at 25°C for 6 days. (資料來源:中央研究院 植物所 陳榮芳提供)

23. Spodopter litura (tobacoo cutworm) 以甘藷的抗蟲基因轉殖至菸草中，轉殖菸草（左）可以抗斜夜盜蟲等台灣常見害蟲之侵蝕 資料來源:台灣大學植物所葉開溫提供

27. Major global concerns in this century •Deterioration of the environment •Diminution ofnatural resources •Shortage offood supply • Increase in population

28. Deterioration of the environment Global warming Sea level rise, spreading diseases, drought Pollution Industrial, agricultural and other human activities

29. Changes of CO2 concentration since the 18th century Source: IPCC

30. Global Warming Global CO2 emission: 25 billion tons/year Atmospheric CO2 concentration: 280ppm (1850年)  370 (current)  700ppm (2100年) Average global temperature would increase about 3°C Source: IPCC

31. When the temperature increase 3°C Sea level might rise 10-90 cm Source: IPCC

32. Global Warming •Initially may favor grain production •Frequency ofdrought •Increases ininsect population

33. Initially may favor grain production due to: CO2 concentration Temperature

34. Global Warming •Initially may favor grain production •Frequency ofdrought •Increases ininsect population

35. Probability of drought in U.S. when temperature increase 3°C 5% (current)  50% Source: IPCC

36. Global Warming •Initially may favor grain production •Frequency ofdrought •Increases ininsect population Infectious diseases

37. Increases in mosquito population when temperature increase 3 degree Celsius ______________________________________ Regions Population increase __________________________________ Tropical regions Two-fold Temperate regions Ten-fold ______________________________________ More than 2 billion people could suffer from infectious diseases each year Source:Research for Man and the Environment

38. Strategies CO2 emissions in 2012 cut back to 1990 level --- Kyoto Protocol (effective on February 16, 2005)

39. Annual CO2 emission per person Source: STPI

40. Deterioration of the environment Global warming Sea level rise, spreading diseases, drought Pollution Industrial, agricultural and other human activities

43. Source: FAO STAT

44. 1999-2005 Global pesticide consumption Unit: ton Source: Euromonitor International from FAO

45. N fertilizer and pesticide consumption in U.S. and Taiwan Country Production area Nitrogen Pesticide (1000 ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) U. S. 127,252 82 2 Taiwan 880 340 14

46. Major global concerns in this century •Deterioration of the environment •Diminution ofnatural resources •Shortage offood supply • Increase in population

47. Diminution ofnatural resources Supply ofmajor energysources Coal 164 years Oil 41 years Natural gas 67 years Uranium 85 years Source: BP 2005, URANIUM 2005

48. Changes of oil price from 1999 to 2006 資料來源：經濟部能源局能源

49. Strategies Alternative energy: renewable sources

50. Bush Administration’s effort Reduce gasoline consumption by 20% in 10 years •Convert 50% of corn produced into ethanol • Create 3 bioenergy research centers