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Hematology and Circulatory System

Hematology and Circulatory System. Structures of the circulatory system. Blood Heart Arteries Veins Capillaries. Blood. Hemat - = blood -ology = the study of The average adult has 8 – 10 pints. Blood. O ne drop of blood contains: 5 million RBCs 250,000-500,000 platelets

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Hematology and Circulatory System

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  1. Hematology and Circulatory System

  2. Structures of the circulatory system • Blood • Heart • Arteries • Veins • Capillaries 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  3. Blood • Hemat- = blood • -ology = the study of • The average adult has 8 – 10 pints. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  4. Blood One drop of blood contains: • 5 million RBCs • 250,000-500,000 platelets • 7,500 WBCs Red blood cells live 120 days. Make new blood cells 2 million per second! 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  5. Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes Structures of the blood 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  6. Plasma • Straw-colored liquid • Blood without cellular components • 55% of the blood’s volume • Water • Plasma proteins • Nutrients • Electrolytes • Hormones, vitamins, and enzymes • Waste products Plasma Cellular elements 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  7. Plasma proteins • Fibrinogen - Necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in liver • Albumin - From the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volume • Globulin • Gamma globulin • Prothrombin - helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis Plasma Cellular elements 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  8. Biconcave disk Hemoglobin - Gives red color, heme is iron and globin is protein Transportation Oxygen Carbon dioxide Arterial blood Lots of oxygen Bright red Venous blood Lots of CO2 Dark crimson Erythrocytes 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  9. Larger than erythrocytes Five types Leuk/o/cytes – white cells Leukocytes 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  10. Leukocytes • Agranulocytes • Lymphocytes • Monocytes 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  11. Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Phagocytosis Process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria….used by granulocytes and monocytes Leukocytes 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  12. Smallest of solid components of blood Synthesized in red marrow Not cells, composed of fragments of cells Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process Thrombocytes 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  13. Life span of blood cells... 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  14. Inherited from parents Determined by presence or absence of an antigen on the surface of the red blood cell Blood types What are the types of blood? 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  15. In 1901, the Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood may be grouped into four main types. Based on the reaction that resulted when blood from different individuals were mixed. Check your knowledge of medical history... 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  16. Blood types • Someone with type A antigen has B antibodies • Someone with type B antigen has A antibodies • Someone with type AB antigen has no antibodies • Someone with type O antigen has A and B antibodies 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  17. Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of red blood cells (antigen). Blood used in transfusions must match donors for Rh status as well as for ABO blood type. Although Rh factor doesn't affect the patient’s health, it can affect pregnancy. Rh factor 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  18. In 1940, the Rh factor was discovered as a result of studying Rhesus monkeys. When blood from monkeys was injected into rabbits and guinea pigs, it clotted. Rh factor 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  19. If the blood has the protein, the patient is Rh positive. If the blood lacks the protein, the patient is Rh negative. Rh factor Did you know??? 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  20. If the mom gets pregnant again with another Rh + positive, her anti Rh antibodies will attack the baby’s blood, causing ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS. RHO Gam will destroy any baby blood cells in the mom, & her immune system won’t produce antibodies. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  21. Structures of the circulatory system • Heart Did you know your heart is the size of your fist? 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  22. Heart Can you identify the structures of the heart? The heart is a double pump. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  23. Heart Check your knowledge... Aorta Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Aortic semilunar valve Pulmonary vein Right atrium Left atrium Tricuspidvalve Bicuspid (mitral) valve Inferior vena cava Pulmonary semilunar valve Right ventricle Left ventricle Septum Apex 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  24. Layers of the heart Left atrium Right atrium Pericardium Myocardium Endocardium Right ventricle Left ventricle 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  25. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  26. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  27. Blood supply to the Heart – from CORONARY ARTERIES Heart Sounds = lubb dupp Blood supply to the Heart – from CORONARY ARTERIES Heart Sounds = lubb dupp

  28. Control of Heart Contractions SA (sinoatrial) NODE = PACEMAKER • Located in right atrium • SA node sends out electrical impulse • Impulse spreads over atria, making them contract • Travels to AV Node AV (atrioventricular) NODE • Conducting cell group between atria and ventricle • Carries impulse to bundle of His

  29. BUNDLE OF HIS • Conducting fibers in septum • Divides into R and L branches to network of branches in ventricles PURKINJE FIBERS • Impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers causing ventricles to contract

  30. Conduction system of heart beats Septum AV bundle or Bundle of HIS 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  31. Vessels of the circulatory system • ARTERIES • Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries • Elastic, muscular and thick-walled • Transport blood under very high pressure • Arteries > arterioles > capillaries 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  32. Vessels of the circulatory system • VEINS • Carry deoxygenated blood away from capillaries to the heart • Veins contain a muscular layer, but less elastic and muscular than arteries • Thin walled veins collapse easily when not filled with blood • Veins have values that permit flow of blood only in direction of the heart • Veins > Venules > Capillaries 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  33. Structures of the circulatory system • Capillaries • The smallest blood vessels • Connect arterioles to venules • One cell thick…made of endothelial tissue 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  34. Blood Pressure • Surge of blood when heart pumps creates pressure against the walls of the arteries • SYSTOLIC PRESSURE - measured during the contraction phase – (contraction phase of the heart is called systole) • DIASTOLIC PRESSURE - measured when the ventricles are relaxed – (relaxation phase is called diastole) 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  35. BP and Pulse sites Average systolic = 120 Average diastolic = 80 PULSE - alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as blood flows through it. Pulse Sites: Brachial, Carotid, Radial, Popliteal, Pedal – Where are they??? • Find pulse sites and take BP 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  36. Common pulse sites Practice locating pulse sites... 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  37. Disorders • ANEMIA • Deficiency in number or % of red blood cells • IRON-DEFICENCY ANEMIA • Usually in women, children and adolescents • Deficiency of iron in the diet causing in sufficient hemoglobin synthesis • Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy vegetables

  38. PERNICIOUS ANEMIA • Caused by deficiency of B12 or intrinsic factor (produced by stomach mucosa, necessary for absorption of B12) • Symptoms – dyspnea, pallor, fatigue, & neurologic changes • Treatment – injections of B12 • APLASTIC ANEMIA • Bone marrow does not produce enough red & white blood cells • Caused by drugs or radiation therapy 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

  39. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA • Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents • Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape • Siclke cells break easily & carry less oxygen • Occurs primarily in blacks • Treatment – blood transfusions • COOLEY’S ANEMIA • Also known as Thalassemia Major • Caused by a defect in hemoglobin • Affects people of Mediterranean descent

  40. POLYCYTHEMIA • Too many red blood cells are formed • May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude • EMBOLISM • Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. That is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage • Also known as a “moving blood clot” • THROMBOSIS • The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel • The blood clot is a THROMBUS

  41. HEMATOMA • Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space • Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture • HEMOPHILIA • Hereditary • Missing clotting factor • Blood clots slow or abnormally • Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mother to sons • Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma • THROMBOCYTOPENIA • Not enough platelets • Blood will not clot properly

  42. LEUKEMIA • Malignant condition • Overproduction of immature white blood cells • Hinders synthesis of red cells • SEPTICEMIA • Presence of pathogens or toxins in the blood

  43. Pus- cream colored liquid • Abscess- pus filed cavity • Pyrexia- fever • Leukocytosis-increase in white blood cell count (>10,000 per cubic centimeter) • Edema-excessive fluid in tissues

  44. Circulatory disorders • Varicose veins • Prevention • Wear sunscreen • Elevate legs when resting • Wear elastic support stockings • Eating fiber diets • Exercise • Weight control 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

  45. Circulatory disorders • Transient ischemic attack 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

  46. Circulatory disorders • Pulmonary edema 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

  47. Circulatory disorders • Peripheral vascular disease How can PVD be prevented? 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

  48. Circulatory disorders • Myocardial infarction 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

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