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Carroll University CSC 409 Chapter 5: Hardware

Carroll University CSC 409 Chapter 5: Hardware. Team Competitive Advantage. Introductions Hardware Processors Memory Hard Drives Removable Storage Supercomputers Tablets/Laptops Microcomputers Conclusion. Processors. Presented By Kevin White. What is a Processor?.

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Carroll University CSC 409 Chapter 5: Hardware

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  1. Carroll UniversityCSC 409Chapter 5: Hardware Team Competitive Advantage

  2. Introductions • Hardware • Processors • Memory • Hard Drives • Removable Storage • Supercomputers • Tablets/Laptops • Microcomputers • Conclusion

  3. Processors Presented By Kevin White

  4. What is a Processor? • Central Processing Unit/MicroProcessor/Brain • Determines the Computers Speed • Speed Measured in GHz (1 Billion Cycles/Sec) • Core(s) = Processes • Threads = Tasks

  5. 40 Years of Progress Intel 40041 • Launched: 1971 • Clock: 108 kHz • Data Width: 4 bits • Manufacturing Process: 10 Microns • Transistor count: 2300 • Speed: .06 MIPS* *million instructions per second • Intel i7 26002 • Launched: 2011 • Clock: 3,460,000 kHz • Data Width: 64 bits • Manufacturing Process: .032 Microns • Transistors: 995,000,000 • Speed: 20,684 MIPS* • *million instructions per second

  6. Moore’s Law3,4 Transistor Dimensions

  7. Intel 2011 Processors5

  8. AMD 2011 Processors6,7

  9. APPLE Processors8,9,10 http://eetimes.eu/en/analysis-gives-first-look-inside-apples-a4--processor.html?cmp_id=7&news_id=222901800

  10. Other Mobile Processors

  11. The Future… • 22nm  15nm 11nm 8nm15 • Integrating Memory Controllers and Graphics • Memristors16 • Short for Memory Resistor • No Energy Required to Maintain Data Storage • Can Perform Logic • Can Stack Layer Upon Layer • Dual/Quad Core Mobile Processors15

  12. References • http://www.thocp.net/hardware/intel_4004.htm • http://ark.intel.com/Product.aspx?id=52213 • http://www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/ • http://www.ask.com/wiki/Transistor_count • http://www.intel.com/products/processor/index.htm?iid=gg_prod-en_US+procs • http://products.amd.com/en-us/NotebookCPUResult.aspx • http://products.amd.com/en-us/DesktopCPUResult.aspx • http://www.everyipod.com/iphone-faq/iphone-processor-types.html • http://www.everyipod.com/ipad-specs/apple-ipad-original-3g-gps-specs.html • http://www.macstories.net/news/rumor-iphone-5-with-apple-a8-dual-core-processor/ • http://androidheadlines.com/2011/01/what-powers-android-hummingbird-vs-snapdragon-vs-omap-vs-tegra-2-arm-chips-explained.html • http://cache.freescale.com/files/32bit/doc/brochure/FLYRIMXPRDCMPR.pdf?fpsp=1 • http://www.phonearena.com/phones/Samsung-Galaxy-Tab-T-Mobile_id4901 • http://blogs.nvidia.com/2011/01/tegra-2-tablets-tear-up-ces/ • http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-20020078-64.html • http://www.zdnet.com/blog/foremski/tha-amazing-memristor-beyond-moores-law-and-beyond-digital-computing/1309 • http://gcn.com/blogs/mobileplatform/2011/02/quad-core-evolution-coming-to-mobile.aspx

  13. Memory Presented By Susie Moua

  14. Memory • Physical memory(RAM) • What it does • Type and Capacity • Benefits • Volatile vs. Non-volatile • Virtual memory • What it does • Benefits

  15. SRAM • DRAM • FPM DRAM • EDO DRAM • SDRAM • DDR SDRAM • RDRAM • Credit Card Memory • PCMCIA Memory Card • CMOS RAM • VRAM Type of RAMs

  16. How Much Memory is Needed

  17. History Timeline Magnetic Core Memory Semiconductor Memory ENIAC DRAM 1946 1952 1966 1968

  18. History Timeline (cont.) SDRAM DDR3 SDRAM DDR SDRAM DDR2 SDRAM 1993 2000 2003 2007

  19. Today’s Computer Memory DDR3 SDRAM • Twice the speed • Higher bandwidth (up to 1600 Mbps) • Performance increase at low power • Longer battery life • 1.5 volts • Not compatible with DDR2

  20. DDR, DDR2 & DDR3

  21. DDR, DDR2, DDR3 (cont.)

  22. DDR, DDR2, DDR3 (cont.)

  23. DDR4 • Samsung Develops Industry’s First DDR4DRAM, Using 30nm Class Technology - January 4, 2011 • Pseudo Open Drain (POD) - a new technology that has been adapted to high-performance graphic DRAM to allow DDR4 DRAM to consume just half the electric current of DDR3 when reading and writing data.” • Performance speed: 1.6 Gbit/sec. to 3.2 Gbit/sec. • Twice the performance of DDR3 • 1.2 volts

  24. Future - DDR5 SDRAM • DDR5 • Maybe another 3-4 years • Performance speed doubles again • Possibly use POD or better

  25. References http://ehow.com http://computer.howstuffworks.com/virtual-memory.htm http://www.design-reuse.com/articles/13805/the-love-hate-relationship-with-ddr-sdram-controllers.html http://www.crucial.com/support/memory_speeds.aspx http://www.crucial.com/support/howmuch.aspx http://www.samsung.com/us/news/newsRead.do?news_seq=19781&page=4&gltype=globalnews http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9203178/Samsung_announces_first_DDR4_DRAM_module

  26. Hard Drives Presented By James Klabunde

  27. 1956 • IBM ships the first hard drive in the RAMAC 305 system. The drive holds 5MB of data at $10,000 a megabyte. The system is as big as two refrigerators and uses 50 24-inch platters

  28. History • 1963:IBM comes up with the first removable hard drive, the 1311, which has six 14-inch platters and holds 2.6MB. • 1978: First RAID (Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks) technology patent is filed. • 1980: IBM introduces the first gigabyte hard drive. It is the size of a refrigerator, weighs about 550 pounds, and costs $40,000.

  29. History cont. • 1992: Seagate is first to market with a 7200-revolutions-per-minute hard drive, the 2.1GB Barracuda • 2006: Seagate releases the Barracuda 7200.10, at 750GB the largest hard drive to date.

  30. Modern Drives • The first PC hard disks had a capacity of 10 megabytes and a cost of over $100 per MB. • Modern hard disks have capacities of 100 gigabytes and a cost of less than 1 cent per MB! • Improvement of 1,000,000% in just under 20 years!

  31. Areas of Improvement • Performance • Speed (Read, write, interface (IDE,PATA,SATA)) • Storage Capacity • 5MB to now Few TB’s • Reliability • Much more reliable and longer lasting • (Maybe most important piece of hardware because of the need to access the data on it.) • Cost • From many thousands of dollars to hundreds and cheaper. • Size • From “refrigerators” to less than an inch

  32. Drive of the Future • Solid State Drive (SSD) • Pros • The potential data speed of reading and writing to the solid drive is due to the fact the data is “flashed” and not depending on a read and write head. • They do not have moving parts and do not suffer from potential break downs. • Lack of heat output from these devices. • With a solid state drive running as a primary storage unit, the noise factor drops considerably due to the lack of moving parts.

  33. SSD cont. • Cons • Each memory ‘cell’ in an SSD can only be written to a limited number of times. • Fragments occur on the memory chips and a disk defragmenter cannot be used on them at this time. • Taking the Good with the Bad

  34. Keep an open mind. • Look forward to more storage, in smaller packages at faster speeds to come! • Remember that since the 50’s, drive technology has grown at more than 67% per year!

  35. References • http://www.pcworld.com/article/127105/timeline_50_years_of_hard_drives.html • http://www.pcworld.com/article/113638/hard_drive_makers_plan_for_the_future.html • http://news.cnet.com/2100-1008_3-6108687.html

  36. Removable Storage Presented By David Juarez

  37. History • Paper tape • Removable floppy disks • Magnet tape • Cassette

  38. Present • Laserdisc • Compact disc • DVD • Blu-ray • USB Flash drives • Memory cards • External hard drives

  39. Future • HVD • Store 1 DVD on… It would take approximately 90 million punch cards to be able to store one 8.4GB DVD, or 6,000 floppys, or 4,500 compact cassettes ( it would only take 281 days to restore the data, hehe) – or if we would turn it the other way around, it would take 0.2% of a 3.9TB Holographic disc…

  40. Future • iPhone is 64GB, and we can expect to see an increase of about 10x over the next five years. • Molecular Memory • MRAM Chips • large increase in the availability of external or removable storage with SD and microSD cards increasing from 32GB today to over 300GB and external hard drives increasing to 4 to 6TB (2.5” drives) and over 10TB with 3.5” drives

  41. References • gadgets.com(2011) History of data storage : http://gadgets.fosfor.se/history-of-data-storage/ • Walsh. Jason. (2011) Emerging Digital Storage Devices of the Future: http://www.articleclick.com/Article/Emerging-Digital-Storage-Devices-of-the-Future/969646

  42. Supercomputers Presented By Jason Verges

  43. History Used for • Protein Folding Simulations • Weather Forecasting • Nuclear Simulations First Supercomputer • CDC 6600 • Seymour Cray 1964 • 10 Mhz clock speed • Cost $7 million

  44. Today’s Supercomputers • Clusters of off-the-shelf microprocessors • Single Instruction Multiple Data • Desktop Supercomputers - Past technology is available in today’s desktops

  45. Top Supercomputers

  46. The Future…

  47. The Future… • Blue Waters - Science • Watson - Medical Industry • CPU-GPU – Graphics • $126M in Federal Budget for exascale supercomputing

  48. References http://www.cio.com.au/article/132504/brief_history_supercomputers/ http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110216-719076.html http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9206558/Obama_turns_attention_to_supercomputing_ http://www.top500.org http://www.futuretechnology500.com/index.php/future-computers/nanolasers-on-silicon-chips-pave-pathway-to-supercomputers http://www.cisl.ucar.edu/computers/gallery/cdc/6600.jsp http://futuretechnologytrends.com/2010/08/05/future-exaflop-supercomputer-technology http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-20021232-64.html

  49. Tablets/Laptops Presented By Bridget Loftus

  50. A Bit of Laptop History1

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