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Cardiovascular System - Heart Anatomy and Function

Explore the organization and features of the heart, learn about the cardiac cycle, heart chambers, valves, and blood flow. Understand the significance of the cardiovascular system in maintaining body functions.

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Cardiovascular System - Heart Anatomy and Function

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  1. Chapter 20, part 1 The Heart

  2. Learning Objectives • Describe the organization of the cardiovascular system. • Describe the location and general features of the heart, including the pericardium. • Discuss the differences between nodal cells and conducting cells and describe the components and functions of the conducting system of the heart. • Identify the electrical events associated with a normal electrocardiogram.

  3. Learning Objectives • Explain the events of the cardiac cycle including atrial and ventricular systole and diastole, and relate the heart sounds to specific events in the cycle. • Define cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume and describe the factors that influence these variables. • Explain how adjustments in stroke volume and cardiac output are coordinated at different levels of activity.

  4. SECTION 20-1Organization of the Cardiovascular System

  5. Heart as an Endothermic Organ • Your heart has four chambers (2-cycle pump), and is critical in pumping enough oxygenated blood for you to be able to • 1: Keep a high metabolic rate • 2: Maintain a constant internal temperature, even in cooler environments • 3: Be active under adverse conditions • 4: Process food (get energy) relatively quickly

  6. Two-Cycle Pump—your heart Blue is one cycle (deoxygenated blood) Red is the other Cycle (oxygenated Blood)

  7. The cardiovascular system is divided into two circuits • Pulmonary circuit • blood to and from the lungs • System circuit • blood to and from the rest of the body • Vessels carry the blood through the circuits • Arteries carry blood away from the heart • Veins carry blood to the heart • Capillaries permit exchange

  8. Figure 20.1 An Overview of the Cardiovascular System Figure 20.1

  9. SECTION 20-2Anatomy of the Heart

  10. The pericardia • Visceral pericardium or epicardium • Parietal pericardium • Pericardial fluid

  11. Figure 20.2 The Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity Figure 20.2a, b

  12. Figure 20.2 The Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity Figure 20.2c

  13. Superficial Anatomy of the Heart • The heart consists of four chambers • Two atria and two ventricles • Major blood vessels of the heart include • Inferior and superior vena cavae • Aorta and pulmonary trunk

  14. Figure 20.3 The Superficial Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20.3a

  15. Figure 20.3 The Superficial Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20.3b, c

  16. The Heart Wall • Components of the heart wall include • Epicardium • Myocardium • Endocardium

  17. Figure 20.4 The Heart Wall Figure 20.4

  18. Figure 20.5 The Heart Wall and Cardiac Muscle Cells Figure 20.5a-c

  19. Internal Anatomy and Organization • Atria • Thin walled chambers that receive blood from the vena cavae • Ventricles • Thick walled chambers separated from the atria by AV valves • Chordae tendineae • Tendinous fibers attached to the AV valves • Papillary muscle and trabeculae carneae • Muscular projections on the inner wall of ventricles

  20. Blood flow through the heart • Right atria • Tricuspid valve • Right ventricle • Pulmonary valve • Pulmonary circuit • Left atria • Bicuspid valve • Left ventricle • Aortic valve • Aorta and systemic circuit

  21. Blood Flow in the Heart

  22. Figure 20.6 The Sectional Anatomy of the Heart PLAY Animation: Diagrammatic Frontal Section through the Heart Figure 20.6a, b

  23. Figure 20.6 The Sectional Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20.6c

  24. Heart chambers and valves • Structural Differences in heart chambers • The left side of the heart is more muscular than the right side • Functions of valves • AV valves prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria • Semilunar valves prevent backflow into the ventricles from the pulmonary trunk and aorta

  25. Figure 20.7 Structural Differences between the Left and Right Ventricles Figure 20.7a-c

  26. Figure 20.8 Valves of the Heart Figure 20.8a

  27. Figure 20.8 Valves of the Heart Figure 20.8b

  28. Connective Tissues • Connective tissue fibers of the heart • Provide physical support and elasticity • Distribute the force of contraction • Prevent overexpansion • The fibrous skeleton • Stabilizes the heart valves • Physically isolates atrial from ventricular cells

  29. Blood Supply to the Heart • Arteries include the right and left coronary arteries, marginal arteries, anterior and posterior interventricular arteries, and the circumflex artery • Veins include the great cardiac vein, anterior and posterior cardiac veins, the middle cardiac vein, and the small cardiac vein

  30. Figure 20.9 Coronary Circulation Figure 20.9a, b

  31. Figure 20.9 Coronary Circulation Figure 20.9c, d

  32. Heart chambers and valves • Structural Differences in heart chambers • The left side of the heart is more muscular than the right side • Functions of valves • AV valves prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria • Semilunar valves prevent backflow into the ventricles from the pulmonary trunk and aorta

  33. Figure 20.7 Structural Differences between the Left and Right Ventricles Figure 20.7a-c

  34. Figure 20.8 Valves of the Heart Figure 20.8a

  35. Figure 20.8 Valves of the Heart Figure 20.8b

  36. Connective Tissues • Connective tissue fibers of the heart • Provide physical support and elasticity • Distribute the force of contraction • Prevent overexpansion • The fibrous skeleton • Stabilizes the heart valves • Physically isolates atrial from ventricular cells

  37. Blood Supply to the Heart • Arteries include the right and left coronary arteries, marginal arteries, anterior and posterior interventricular arteries, and the circumflex artery • Veins include the great cardiac vein, anterior and posterior cardiac veins, the middle cardiac vein, and the small cardiac vein

  38. Figure 20.9 Coronary Circulation Figure 20.9a, b

  39. Figure 20.9 Coronary Circulation Figure 20.9c, d

  40. SECTION 20-3The Heartbeat

  41. Cardiac Physiology • Two classes of cardiac muscle cells • Specialized muscle cells of the conducting system • Contractile cells

  42. Figure 20.11 An Overview of Cardiac Physiology Figure 20.11

  43. The Conducting System • The conducting system includes: • Sinoatrial (SA) node • Atrioventricular (AV) node • Conducting cells • Atrial conducting cells are found in internodal pathways • Ventricular conducting cells consist of the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers PLAY Animation: Heart flythrough

  44. Figure 20.12 The Conducting System of the Heart Figure 20.12

  45. Impulse Conduction through the heart • SA node begins the action potential • Stimulus spreads to the AV node • Impulse is delayed at AV node • Impulse then travels through ventricular conducting cells • Then distributed by Purkinje fibers

  46. Figure 20.13 Impulse Conduction through the Heart PLAY Animation: Cardiac Activity Figure 20.13

  47. The electrocardiogram (ECG) • A recording of the electrical events occurring during the cardiac cycle • The P wave accompanies the depolarization of the ventricles • The QRS complex appears as the ventricles depolarize • The T wave indicates ventricular repolarization

  48. Figure 20.14 An Electrocardiogram Figure 20.14a

  49. Figure 20.14 An Electrocardiogram Figure 20.14b

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