The 5Is framework Sharing good practice in crime reduction

1. The 5Is frameworkSharing good practice in crime reduction Research Development and Statistics Directorate PaulEkblom The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author, not necessarily those of the Home Office (nor do they reflect Government policy)

2. The Problem-Oriented Approach... • Is a must, but… • Needs to be embedded in organisations • Could be done a lot better!

3. Implementation failure • Still a lot of holes in many Tilley award entries • Demonstration projects often fail to work when mainstreamed

4. In more detail... • Superficial interventions and descriptions of interventions • Cookbook replications - principles, process and context important • Limited innovation • Weak evaluations • Lack of synthesis of the results • Practitioners - consultants, not technicians

5. The user perspective • In practice, users of knowledge bases want guidance on • defining problem • selection and • replication of good practice • innovation

6. The designer perspective • Need a Knowledge base that is Fit for Purpose • In particular, that blends generic principles of KM with what we know about crime reduction & community safety and how it works

7. A knowledge base that isfit for purpose needs (1): ‘What works’ knowledge in detail - plus: • Process - stages of action • Elements of good practice at all stages • Context • Troublesome tradeoffs • Structure of crime reduction action • Multiple levels - practical methods, generic principles and specific causal mechanisms

8. A knowledge base that isfit for purpose needs (2): • Consistent and rigorous terminology and • Conceptual framework to support: • Capture, storage, retrieval, transfer, application • Communication and collaboration between diverse partners, and internationally • Clarity of planning crime reduction action, and quality assurance of implementation • Integrated, strategic thinking about causes and solutions • Education and training - collective and cumulativeschema for synthesis and learning

9. Is SARA up to it?

10. NTELLIGENCE NTERVENTION MPLEMENTATION NVOLVEMENT The Five IsThe steps of the Preventive Process MPACT

11. SARAand5Is Scanning Analysis >Intelligence > Intervention Implementation Involvement Response Assessment >Impact

12. The Question of Simplicity • Simplicity preferred, but… • Crime prevention complex. • Language needs to be sophisticated, but communicable • 5Is tackles this by operating at 3 levels: • Message • Map • Methodology • Best if learned as primary schema for prevention

13. Going deeper - Examples of Methodology (1) Message: Intelligence, Intervention: Map: causes, risk factors: Methodology: • PAT • Conjunction of Criminal Opportunity

14. Diagnosis space: the Conjunction of Criminal Opportunity www.crimereduction.gov.uk/learningzone/cco.htm

15. A crime reduction intervention Intervention in cause Disruption of Conjunction of Criminal Opportunity Decreased risk of crime events Reduced crime Wider benefits

16. Intervention space: crime reduction and the conjunction of criminal opportunity

17. Operation Moonshine Intelligence • General social/geographical context • Evidence of crime problem – sources of information and analysis • The crime problem/s tackled - pattern, trend, offenders, MO • Wider crime problems • Consequences of the crime problem/s • Immediate causes, risk & protective factors, criminal careers

18. Operation Moonshine Intelligence: Causes - CCO • Wider Environment • Offender Presence in situation • Target Enclosure • Resources for committing crime • Readiness to Offend • Crime Preventers • Crime Promoters • Higher-level cause – drug market

19. Operation Moonshine Intervention • How it works - causally • Practical methods • Analytic principles

20. Operation Moonshine - Intervention 1.Modification of carrier bags 2. Targeted High visibility police patrols 3. ABCs considered for persistent offenders 4. Target hardening of retail store to prevent alcohol theft 5. Removing flowerbed from the front of row of shops 6. Community clean up 7. Youth shelter 8. Mobile recreation unit 9. Arresting/Cautioning of ASB offenders 10. Drop in centre for youths 11. A healthy living centre for youths 12. A forest location as alternative place for youths to gather 13. Disrupting a possible drugs market targeting youths

21. Operation Moonshine - Intervention 5 Method: • Removing the flowerbed from the row of shops & improving environmental design Principles: • Environmental design • Restricting resources for crime • Deflecting offenders from crime situation • Reassurance Risks: • Ram-raiding

22. Operation Moonshine - Intervention 6 Method: • Community clean up of Valley Park Principles: • Reassurance; Deterrence; Mobilising preventers

23. Operation Moonshine - Intervention 7 Method: • Youth shelter for local juveniles Principles: • Removing offenders from crime situation and from alcohol • Reducing readiness to offend by meeting needs legitimately Risks: • Inappropriate graffiti

24. Operation Moonshine - Intervention 9 Method: • Arresting/cautioning of ASB offenders Principles: • Removing offenders from crime situation • Giving offenders resources to avoid offending (education) • Deterrence and discouragement • Mobilising preventers (parents) • Gateway to CJS • Gateway to range of youth services Risks: • Countermoves by offenders

25. Operation Moonshine - Intervention 12 • Method: • Gathering-place in the forest for local youths • Principles: • Removing offender from the crime situation; Rule setting; Reducing readiness to offend by meeting offenders’ needs • Risks: • Youths ignore the rules

26. Operation Moonshine - Intervention 13 Method: • Enlisting youths to identify drug dealers so that they could be dealt with through the CJS Principles: • Removing offender (dealers) from the crime situation; Deterrence (dealers); Resources to avoid offending (drugs education for youths); Mobilising preventers

27. Operation Moonshine - Implementation • Converting method into action on the ground – management, planning and supervision • Targeting of the action on the crime problem, offender, place and victim • Inputs of £, human resources, capacity-building • Monitoring, quality-assuring and adjusting the action in the light of feedback • Outputs achieved – for each method • Risks/blockages in implementation • Exit strategy/ expansion

28. Operation Moonshine - Involvement • Partners • Hampshire Police Force • Test Valley / Eastleigh Borough Councils • Neighbourhood Wardens • Representative from a local shop • Residents Association • Youth Service • Local Landowners – of the parade of shops • Parish Council • Climate setting • Managing the public’s expectations • Mobilisation/ engagement to be actively involved in crime reduction measures • Risks/blockages of Involvement

29. Operation Moonshine - Involvement • Hampshire Police Force/PRIME • Crime reduction officer and police beat constable formed the core project co-ordinating team • Monitored changes in ASB offences and CADA incidents • Offered advice on prevention to the other key partners • Chaired the steering group/committee meetings • Located sources of funding for the project • Local basic command unit – carried out targeted police patrols involving a mixture of covert and overt observations of the crime/ASB problem.

30. Operation Moonshine - Involvement • Test Valley)/ Eastleigh Borough Councils • Community safety officer and relevant services attended committee meetings • Funded alterations to the local community centre • Supported additional services for youths at leisure centre • Provided the supporting use of neighbourhood wardens • Involved in representing the local council’s views at the committee meetings • Consulted on developing council owned land • Willing to support ABC contracts and ASBO • ASBO officers showed videos of offending to parents

31. Operation Moonshine - Impact • Intermediate outcomes • Ultimate outcomes • Sustainability of implementation • Sustainability of impact • Replicability

32. Anti-Social Behaviour Crime and Incidents in Hampshire: Index of three month moving averages of ASB related recorded offences and CADA incidents comparing local, district and force level data

33. 5Is - better problemsolving?

34. From ‘Five Eyes’by Walter de la Mare (1873-1956) In Hans’ old mill, his three black cats Watch his bins for the thieving rats. Whisker and claw they crouch in the night Their five eyes smouldering, green and bright.