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Comprehensive Overview of DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis in AP Biology

Prepare for your upcoming AP Biology test on December 20 by reviewing key concepts in DNA replication and protein synthesis. Understand the components of DNA, including the roles of helicase, primase, and DNA polymerase in replication. Explore gene expression, transcription, and translation processes, and learn about codons and amino acid connections. Remember to review the updated study guide and complete the practice questions. With focused study on these topics, you'll be well prepared to ace your test!

michael-conner
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Comprehensive Overview of DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis in AP Biology

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  1. AP Biology • Tests back today • Curve was 12 points • Grades on test haven’t had 12 points added (they are correct in ps) • Study guide changes rip out page 7 (that is a different chapter) • Test is December 20

  2. History of DNA

  3. Griffith Conclusion:

  4. Phage

  5. Hershey/Chase

  6. Hershey/Chase

  7. Hershey/Chase Conclusion:

  8. Franklin

  9. Franklin

  10. Watson/Crick

  11. AP Biology • Review from last class • Continue DNA talk • Replication today

  12. Watson/Crick DNA Replication Semiconservative: when a double helix replicates, each of the daughter molecules has one old strand and one new

  13. Replication Vocab on Replication • Origin of replication- special sites where replication begins • Replication fork- a “bubble” where parental strands are unwound • Helicase- unzips parent strand • Single-stranded binding protein- binds to unpaired DNA to stabilize them • Topoisomerase- relieves strain from twisting

  14. Replication Vocab contd. • Primer- initial nucleotide is a short stretch of RNA • Primase- an enzyme that synthesizes the primer • DNA polymerase- catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain

  15. DNA 3’ vs 5’ The 5’ 3’ runs in the opposite direction as the: 3’ 5’ Antiparallel- the two strands of DNA are oriented in opposite directions to each other.

  16. DNA • DNA can ONLY add nucleotides from the 3’ side on parent Strand • DNA daughters are “built” from 5’ 3’

  17. DNA • Leading strand- the continuous strand • Lagging strand- the strand that is copied away from the fork • Lagging strands called- Okazaki fragments.

  18. DNA

  19. Chapter 17 • Gene expression and protein synthesis • Test next Thursday 

  20. Proteins • Proteins are link between genotype and phenotype • Gene expression- process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages called transcription and translation DNA RNA Protein DNA

  21. Protein Review • Amino acids - building blocks of protein • Polymer - many building blocks covalently bonded • Peptide bonds- covalent bond between amino acids • 20 total amino acids

  22. DNA/RNA

  23. Protein Synthesis

  24. Codons • How many nucleotides could there be if: • Each kind of nucleotide base were translated into an amino acid? • If a two-letter sequence was in place? • If there were triplet bases?

  25. Codons • Codons – the mRNA nucleotide triplets, written normally in the 5’ 3’ direction • CCU • AUG • AGC • AGG

  26. Transcription Vocabulary: • RNA polymerase- separates DNA and joins RNA nucleotides together, nucleotide bases assemble in a 5’ 3’ direction (no primer required) • Promoter- When RNA polymerase initiates transcription sequence • Terminator- when RNA polymerase signals the end of transcription

  27. Transcription Steps of Transcription • Initiation- RNA synthesis begins • Elongation- the RNA strand gets bigger • Termination- the RNA transcript is released

  28. Transcription

  29. RNA Processing Pre-mRNA must be altered before it travels outside of the nucleus • Alternation of mRNA ends • 5’ cap – a modified guanine added to the 5’ end • Poly-A tail- 50-250 adenine nucleotides are added to the 3’ side

  30. RNA Processing Pre-mRNA must be altered before it travels outside of the nucleus • RNA splicing- removal of large portions of the RNA molecule (cut-and-paste) • This means that there are long noncoding portions of DNA are not coding for anything. • Introns - noncoding regions • Exons – coding regions

  31. Translation Vocabulary: • Anticodon- attached to tRNA molecules, a nucleotide triplet. Complementary to the mRNA codon • Wobble – the flexible base pairing at the third nucleotide position.

  32. Translation

  33. Translation

  34. Translation

  35. Translation

  36. Translation Steps of Translation • Initiation- brings together mRNA and tRNA to begin synthesizing proteins • Elongation – Amino acids are added • Termination – A stop codon reaches A site, and the amino acids (polypeptide) is released

  37. Translation

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