Chapter 23: The French Revolution Begins

1. World History Chapter 23: The French Revolution Begins

2. Section 1: The French Revolution Begins ch23

3. The French Revolution - Basics • Place: France • Year: 1789 • King and Queen at time of Revolution: • King Louis XVI & Queen Marie Antoinette

4. What Were the Causes of the French Revolution? • 1. Inequality of Social Classes • The Three Estates and Taxes • Ideas of the Enlightenment • 2. France’s debt • Extravagant spending of King and Queen • 3. Cost of Living Increased • Tensions rose • No money for food or basic necessities

5. 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order • Society divided into 3 “Three Estates” or Social Classes • determined a person’s status, and rights!

6. 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order • 1st Estate: • Clergy(priests) • Made up 1% of the population • Did Not pay taxes!

7. 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order • 2nd Estate: • Nobility • 2% of the population owned 25% of the land • High positions in government, military • DID NOT PAY TAXES! • (a noble privilege)

8. 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order • 3rd Estate: • Everyone Else! • “Bourgeoisie”– middle class professionals • Free Peasants • HAD TO PAY TAXES!

9. 2.France’s Debt • Debt From previous wars • Send $ to the American colonists during American Revolution • Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette’s extravagant spending

10. 2. France’s Debt • Marie Antoinette’s extravagant spending sprees… • 1 dress cost 20X’s what a skilled worker earned in a year! • Spent $ on clothes, shoes, accessories, parties, re-decorating Versailles…

11. 2. France’s Debt • Marie Antoinette was nicknamed… • “Madame Deficit” • Deficit: the amount by which a sum of money falls short of the required amount.

12. 3. Cost of Living Increased • Peasant situation worsened: • Price of food rose • Crop failures 1788-1789 led to bread shortages! • Peasant’s anger rose

13. Why Did the French People Dislike King Louis XVI & Queen Marie Antoinette?

14. Palace of Versailles • Was Built by Louis 16th’s grandfather • “The Sun King” Louis 14th • Most extravagant palace in all of Europe • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X235vpOToVU

15. About the Palace of Versailles Today • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=194CDlsFpQA • 1. What do you think it would have been like to belong to the nobility (2nd estate) prior to the revolution in France? • 2. What do you think the lower classes thought about the extravagace

16. Marie Antoinette • Born in 1755 in Vienna Austria • Was not French • Was a princess expected to marry an equal • Had 16 Brothers and Sisters • Marie was the favorite (she was the 15th child)

17. Marie Antoinette at 13-14

18. @ Age 15… • A marriage was arranged • To the Crown Prince of France, Louis 16th • “an advantageous match” • She was sent to Versailles, France

19. Marie Antoinette – Last Queen of France- Early years • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3Gr-jGdVdk • 1. What are your thoughts about Marie Antoinette thus far?

20. The Wedding, 1770 • Marie and Louis were married in 1770 • They were both 15!

21. Louis XVI – The Groom • Described as “homely, awkward & anti-social” • He was obsessed with collecting KEYS, and CLOCKS. • Ignored Marie for the first 7 years of their marriage

22. Louis XVI ‘s Hobbies

23. Royal Children • Eventually, the couple had 4 children • 1. Marie Therese, 1778-1851 • 2. Louis Josephe, 1781-1789 • 3. Louis Charles, 1785-1793 • 4. Marie Sophie, 1786-1787

24. The Coronation, 1774 • Louis’ Father died I • And • Louis and Marie were crowned King and Queen of France • AT AGE 19!!!

25. What was Marie To Do? • She spent Money! • Fashion = her passion! • Named her designer/stylist Rose Bertin as  “Minister of Fashion” • Threw lavish Banquets & Parties • Performed in Theater (scandalous!)

26. Marie Antoinette as Fashion Icon

27. Marie Antoinette as Fashion Icon • Decided to be a “trendsetter” ! •  • Had hairdresser create a ship “weave” for a party honoring a sea captain

28. Controversial Marie • Thought it was hard being queen – • Longed for the “simple life”so… • She built a peasant village and pretended to be “poor”

29. Marie Pretending to be a Peasant • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSpHcpskrfYhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSpHcpskrfY • Start at 40 – 42:34

30. About the Peasant Dress Painting… • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fN4RQiYPSqM • To 10:54 • 1783 portrait by Elisabeth Louise Vigee Le Brun – “le Chemise”

31. Did Marie Antoinette Really say “Let them eat cake”?

32. The Only Marie Antoinette Dress that Survived the Revolution • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnnQLV9eDb0 • 1. Why do you think the French people were so angry about Marie Antoinette’s fashion choices? • 2. What did her dresses represent?

33. King Louis XVI’s Leadership • Fall, 1788- France in Financial Desperation! • King indecisive • Put off dealing with social/economic issues until he had no money left

34. May, 1789 • Louis XVI agreed to call on the Estates General – representatives of the Three Estates • Last time assembly was called: 1614!

35. 1. Estates General -1789 • Problem: 1st & 2nd Estate usually outvoted the 3rd estate • Solution: the 3rd estate allowed to send as many delegates as the other 2 estates combined. • Members of the 1st Estate (clergy) joined the 3rd estate

36. 1. Estates General -1789 • All Estates invited to submit: Cahiers de doleances(grievance lists) • Petitions showed: • desire for constitutional monarchy, • re-structured tax system • guaranteed liberties

37. 1. Estates General -1789 • Joseph Sieyes wrote “What is the 3rd Estate?” • 3rd estate the “heart” of the country! • Encouraged 3rd Estate to overthrow King and establish representative government

38. 2.National Assembly Phase – June, 1789-1791 • June 17, 1789 • The 3rd Estate Declared itself the National Assembly • Goal: To pass laws & reforms in the name of French People

39. 2.National Assembly Phase 1789-1791 • National Assembly • swore to continue to meet until France had a new constitution… • Pledge called: The Tennis Court Oath

40. July 14, 1789 – Storming of the Bastille • Parisian Mob attacked the Bastille Prison • Symbol of injustice, inequality • Hoped to seize weapons, free prisoners • *official beginning of the French Revolution

41. 2.National Assembly Phase 1789-1791 • Breakdown of law and order • Chaos on streets • Peasants broke into nobles’ homes, quit paying taxes, burned nobles’ homes • Some nobles left France (emigres)

42. Women’s March to Versailles • October 5,1789 • Mob of over 100,000 women protested the rising price of bread • Broke into Palace of Versailles • forced King & Queen move to Paris

43. Women’s March to Versailles • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSpHcpskrfY • Begin 1:04:21 – 1:12:58

44. What About the Royal Family? • June 21, 1791 Royal family attempted to flee France • 500 miles away from border… • They were Recognized & Arrested

45. PBS: Marie Antoinette (2017) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSpHcpskrfY • Why do you think Marie Antoinette changed her ways after the Women’s March? • 1:14:17-1:21:02

46. Section 2: Revolution Brings Reform and Terror WH ch23

47. Declaration of Rights of Men and of the Citizen • August, 1789 • Listed basic human rights • “all men are born free and equal in rights” • Excluded women

48. Olympe de Gouges’ Response • wrote: “ Declaration of Rights of Men and of Women” Declared women’s rights to education, property within marriage, right to initiate divorce

49. 3. The Legislative Assembly, 1791-1792 • Formed in September 1791 • Factions: • 1. Conservatives sat on the right (Loyal to King) • 2. Moderates sat on the center • 3. Radicals sat on the left

50. 3. The Legislative Assembly, 1791-1792 • Leftist Radicals divided into 2 groups: • 1. The Jacobins – Wanted to overthrow monarchy and create a republic. • 2. The Girondists- wanted to extend revolutionary ideas across Europe.