1. Star Formation in Cosmological Simulations:the Molecular Gas Connection Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Kostas Tassis

2. Co-starring Gnedin, Tassis & Kravtsov 2009 ApJ, 697, 55 /arXiv:0810.4148 Nick Gnedin Andrey Kravtsov

3. Star Formation in cosmological simulations Kennicutt 1998 • Observations of high z galaxies: • Probe molecular content, star formation (ALMA,JWST) • Simulations must match this advance and increase fidelity of simulated galaxies Cosmological Simulations: • ISM physics not followed in detail • Sub-grid SF modeling typically based on observed scaling relations, tied to cold gas (HI+H2)

4. StartingPoint Use ART (Adaptive Refinement Tree) N-body+gas+SF+RT: • 6 Mpc comoving box • 50 pc resolution in high-redshift galaxies • Mass resolution mdm=106 Msun, mgas=105 Msun

5. StartingPoint Use ART (Adaptive Refinement Tree) N-body+gas+SF+RT: • 6 Mpc comoving box • 50 pc resolution in high-redshift galaxies • Mass resolution mdm=106 Msun, mgas=105 Msun

6. StartingPoint Use ART (Adaptive Refinement Tree) N-body+gas+SF+RT: • 6 Mpc comoving box • 50 pc resolution in high-redshift galaxies • Mass resolution mdm=106 Msun, mgas=105 Msun • Optically Thin Variable Eddington Tensor Approximation (OTVET) for following time-dependent and spatially-variable RT • Cooling rates and ionization/chemical balance are computed “on the fly”

7. How Molecular Clouds Form H2 forms on the surface of dust grains. Self-shielding starts the process, dust shielding finishes it. Molecular gas Young stars Atomic gas Dust

8. H2FormationModel: gas + dust • “Primordial” hydrogen balance (gas-phase reactions) • Adding dust heuristically

9. H2FormationModel: parameters Wolfire et al. (2008) Formation rate: • Dust/Gas ~ Z • Molecular gas is inhomogeneous, clumping factor ~ 10 for typical clumpy molecular cloud models (e.g.: Padoan et al. 1997; Ostriker et al. 2001) Shielding factors: a la Draine & Bertoldi (1996) see also Glover& Mac Low(2007) • Parameters & to be calibrated

10. TrainingtheModel • H2 fractions in translucent clouds have been measured by Copernicus & FUSE space missions (Tumlinson et al 2002, Rachford et al 2002, Gillmon et al 2006, Wolfire et al 2008) • HINSA measurements of HI fractions (Goldsmith & Li 2005)

11. StarFormation Specific SFR per local free-fall time is not sensitive to the environment (both normal galaxies and starbursts), and is about 1-2% in molecular gas (star formation is slow). (Krumholz & Tan 2006)

12. Thermodynamics Automatically get 3+phases: • Hot coronal gas • Warm neutral and ionized medium • Cold neutral and molecular gas

13. Atomic-to-molecularTransition Transition between atomic and molecular phases • very sharp • scales with metallicity Z=1.0 Z=0.3 Z=0.1

14. KennicuttPlots Reality (THINGS) Bigiel et al. 2008 Simulation

15. KennicuttPlots Simulation Reality (THINGS) Bigiel et al. 2008

16. KennicuttPlots Bigiel et al. 2008 Simulation Reality (CO)

17. KennicuttPlots Bigiel et al. 2008 Simulation Reality (THINGS+CO)

18. Summary • SF in cosmological simulations needs to be tied to molecular hydrogen – just like in nature! • Transition from atomic to molecular gas is very sharp – lack of dependence of SFR on HI surface density in Kennicutt-like correlations. • In the zeroth order, the SF density threshold scales inversely with metallicity, nSF ≈ 30/Z cm-3. • Since dust-to-gas ratio depends on the metallicity, it constitutes a feedback effect that needs to be accounted for in cosmological simulations and galaxy evolution models.