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Endocrine system

Endocrine system. Chapter 45. Endocrine system. Regulation & communication Blood system Glands (ductless) Hormones (chemicals) Target tissues. (a) Endocrine signaling. Blood vessel. Response. Nervous system. Regulation & communication Nerves Axon Neurotransmitters Synapse.

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Endocrine system

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  1. Endocrine system Chapter 45

  2. Endocrine system • Regulation & communication • Blood system • Glands (ductless) • Hormones (chemicals) • Target tissues

  3. (a) Endocrine signaling Blood vessel Response

  4. Nervous system • Regulation & communication • Nerves • Axon • Neurotransmitters • Synapse

  5. Both systems (overlap) • Neurohormone • Released by the nervous system • Into blood stream (ADH) • Norepinephrine • Chemical involved in both • Nervous system (cleft) • Endocrine system (adrenal gland)

  6. Both systems • Neural control of endocrine system • Hypothalamus • Regulates hormonal secretion of the anterior pituitary • Glands derived from nervous tissue • Adrenal medulla, posterior pituitary & pineal gland

  7. Local regulators • Paracrine • Messages between neighboring cells • 1. Cytokines • Regulate immune system • 2. Growth factors • Regulate cell growth • 3. NO • Vasodilation (local blood vessels)

  8. Local regulators • 4. Prostaglandins • 20-carbon fatty acid • Derived from lipids in plasma membrane • Found in many organs • Released into interstitial fluid

  9. Local regulators • 4. Prostaglandins • A. Immune system • inflammation • B. Reproductive system • Labor • Semen • C. Digestive system • Inhibit gastric secretions • Increase gut motility

  10. Local regulators • D. Respiratory system • Some cause dilation • Some cause constriction • E. Circulatory system • Platelets • F. Urinary system • Renal vasodilation • Increased excretion

  11. Hormone types • 1. Polypeptide • Short, <100 aa, insulin, ADH • 2. Glycoprotein • >100 aa, carbohydrate attached, FSH, LH • 3. Amines • Tyrosine & tryptophan • Adrenal medulla (NE, Epinephrine) • Thyroid (T3 & T4 • Pineal (Melatonin)

  12. Hormone types • 4. Steroids • Lipids from cholesterol • Testosterone • Estradiol, progesterone • Aldosterone, cortisol

  13. Mechanism of regulation • 1. Enter the cell • Lipophilic • Lipid soluble • 2. Do not enter the cell • Lipophobic • Water soluble

  14. Mechanism of regulation • 1. Lipophilic (Steroids, thyroxine) • Not water soluble • Plasma attached to protein carriers • Target cell-release carrier • Cross plasma membrane • Bind receptor protein (+/- nucleus) • Hormone receptor binds DNA • Protein synthesis

  15. Mechanism of regulation E:\Chapter_45\A_PowerPoint_Lectures\45_Lecture_Presentation\45_05bLipidSolubleHormone_A.html

  16. Mechanism of regulation • 2. Lipophobic or too large • Bind receptors on target cell membrane • A. Triggers second-messenger system • cAMP • IP3/Ca+2 • B. Causes change in an ion channel

  17. Mechanism of regulation E:\Chapter_45\A_PowerPoint_Lectures\45_Lecture_Presentation\45_05aWaterSolubleHormone_A.html

  18. Mechanism of regulation

  19. Mechanism of regulation

  20. Mechanism of regulation

  21. Thyroid • Neck • 2 lobes/isthmus • T4 (tetraiodothyronine) thyroxine • T3 (triiodothyronine) • Regulates metabolism in the body • Calcitonin • Stimulates Ca2+ uptake into bones • Decreases serum Ca+2

  22. Thyroid

  23. Parathyroid glands • Neck • 4 small glands on top of thyroid • PTH (parathyroid hormone) • Increase in blood calcium levels • Stimulates osteoclasts • Break down calcium phosphate crystals • Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb Ca2+ • Activates Vitamin D

  24. Parathyroid glands

  25. Pancreas • Abdomen behind stomach • Islets of Langerhans • Insulin ( cells) • Decreases blood glucose levels • Stores in glycogen (liver/muscle) & fat (adipose cells) • Glucagon ( cells) • Increases glucose blood levels

  26. Pancreas

  27. Ovaries • Abdomen • Estrogen • Secondary female characteristics • Menstruation • Progesterone • Prepares/maintains pregnancy

  28. Testes • Inguinal region • Testosterone • Maintain male characteristics

  29. Ovaries and Testes

  30. Steroids

  31. Adrenal glands • Small glands on top of kidneys • 1. Adrenal cortex • Outer layer • 2. Adrenal medulla • Inner layer

  32. Adrenal glands • Adrenal cortex • A. Corticosteriods • Cortisol (glucocorticoid) • Increases serum levels of glucose • Gluconeogenesis • Converts aa to glucose • Exercise or fasting

  33. Adrenal glands • B. Mineralcorticoids • Aldosterone • Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb Na+1 • Stimulates kidneys to eliminate K+1 • C. Gonadocorticoids • Androgens • Sex characteristics

  34. Adrenal glands • Adrenal medulla • Catacholamines • Epinephrine/norepinephrine • Increased heart rate, BP, glucose blood levels, • Dilation of bronchioles • Decreased blood flow to skin and gut

  35. Adrenal glands

  36. Pituitary gland (hypophysis) • In the brain • Hangs by a stalk from hypothalamus • 1.Anterior • Adenohypophysis • Developed from epithelial tissue • 2. Posterior • Neurohypophysis • Developed from the neural tissue • Nerve axons from hypothalamus end here

  37. Pituitary gland

  38. Anterior pituitary gland • All hormones stimulate growth in target organs • Tropins • A. GH (growth hormone) • Somatotropin • Stimulates muscle growth (bone)

  39. Anterior pituitary gland • B. ACTH • Adrenocorticotropic hormone • Corticotropin • Stimulates adrenal cortex (cortisol) • C. TSH • Thyroid-stimulating hormone • Thyrotropin • Stimulates thryroid to produce thyroxine

  40. Anterior pituitary gland • D. LH • Luteinizing hormone • Stimulates ovulation & lining of uterus • Stimulates testes to produce testosterone

  41. Anterior pituitary gland • E. FSH • Follicle stimulating hormone • Stimulates the egg development • Development of sperm • F. Prolactin • Stimulates mammary glands to produce milk

  42. LH, FSH

  43. Anterior pituitary gland • G. MSH • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone • Causes darkening of skin in some fish, amphibians & reptiles

  44. Posterior pituitary gland • A. ADH • Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) • Stimulates water retention in the kidneys • B. Oxytocin • Milk ejection from mammary glands • Stimulates uterine contractions in labor

  45. Pituitary gland

  46. Pineal gland • Small mass of tissue located near center of brain • Synthesizes & secretes melatonin (modified aa) • Regulates functions related to day and night • Seasons

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