Exercise Physiology Exercise testing
Aims of exercise testing Gather Objective Data on: Ability to do exercise using high rate of oxygen consumption (VO2 max, VO2peak, etc.) Aerobic ability
Aims of exercise testing Gather Objective Data on: Ability to exercise at an intensity that exceeds maximal (peak) oxygen consumption (30-s peak PO, supramax. tests, etc.) Anaerobic ability
Aims of exercise testing Gather Objective Data on: Ability to sustain submaximal aerobic exercise for an extended time (6- and 12-min walk, 1 mile walk, etc.) Endurance
Aims of exercise testing Gather Objective Data on: Ability to do unsustained work against a high resistance (MVC, peak torque, max. number repetitions, etc.) Strength
Aims of exercise testing Gather Objective Data on: Ability to move joints through a prescribed range of motion (sit-and-reach distances, goniometry, etc.) Flexibility
Aims of exercise testing Gather Objective Data on: Ability to do activities that require coordination and skill (gait analysis, balance, coordination, etc.) Neuromuscular skills
Aims of exercise testing Gather Objective Data on: Ability to do specific physical activities of daily living (sit-and-stand scores, timed walk, etc.) Functional performance
Exercise testing Measurement of body reactions (eventually adaptation) of different body systems in dependence on stress (exercise) Fitness assessment Measurement of efficiency to perform and repeat the best achievement
Measured parameters Load – [W, W/kg] – age, gender, health statute, weight Energy output – [kcal] – 1 km = 70-80 kcal {run, walk} Time – [s., minute, hour] - duration Speed – [m/s-1, km/hour] Elevation – [˚, %] Distance – [m, km]
Ideal exercise test 1. Easy designed • a] general – general performance • b] specific – specific performance 3. Safe 4. Valid – do we measure what we really want to? 5. Objective – no other impacts on result 6. Reliability and reproducibility
Justification of exercise testing Why perform exercise testing? - INDICATION Diagnosis Intervention assessment (therapy, training) Exercise programming and training Prognostic Research
Justification of exercise testing Why do not perform exercise testing? - CONTRAINDICATION ABSOULTE - Acute illness (heart stroke, fever), major hypertension (240/120), etc. RELATIVE - After heart stroke, some defects of heart valves, etc.
Splitting of tests According to place a) Laboratory tests b) Field tests According to applied load: a) Maximal (incremental tests) b) Sub-maximal (usually constant workload) b) Supra-maximal (Wingate test)
Laboratory × fieldtests Laboratory tests Advantages: - Accurate determination of load - Standard laboratory conditions Disadvantages: • Different movement stereotype (rower, canoeist on bicycle?) • worse achievement • Nervousness from new (unknown) conditions • -worse achievement - Transformation of results into field conditions
Laboratory × fieldtests Field tests Advantages: - Knownconditions– athletic stadium, ice ring, sport hall, etc. - Identical movement stereotype - Direct use in training Disadvantages: • Relatively inaccurate determination of power - The problem of accurate measurement
Maximal × submaximaltests Maximal tests Advantages: - Direct assessment of maximal capacity of organism Disadvantages: - Dependence on will and motivation of proband - Risk factor - Restriction before competition - Small changes of monitored parametersdue to training in very high trained
Maximal × submaximaltests Sub-maximal tests Advantages: - Safer - Lower dependence on tested person (more comfortable) - Bigger changes of monitored parameters due to training - Restriction before competition Disadvantages: - Often based on estimation (presumption) of HRmax, etc. – worse accuracy
The type and sources of stress 1. Dynamic - Individual movement (knee-bend, etc.) - Steps (Step test) - Ergometer – bicycle, treadmill, arm crank ergometer, ladder 2. Static - Dynamometer (handgrip, etc.) 3. Other - electric, pharmacological, cold, hypoxic, psychological, change of body position (laying – standing), deep breathing, cough, etc.
The conditions in exercise laboratory 1. Enviroment - Calm (few persons) - Air circulation (ACE) - Temperature (18-22˚C), humidity 40-60% 2. Equipment - calibration, functionality 3. Safeness - Emergency (phone number) - Presence of physician, defibrillator, drogs
The conditions in exercise laboratory 4. Tested person - Healthy - Avoid drinking coffee, alcohol and smoking (at least 12 hoursbefore) - At least 2 hours after food intake
Bicycle ergometer×treadmill Bicykle ergometer - more in Europe ? - mechanical efficiency 20 – 25% • W (load) = resistance (mechanical, electromagnetical) • + revolutions/min (50 – 70) Advantages: - space, noise, accuracy of set load - easer and safer making - taking of blood sample, measurement of blood pressure. Disadvantages: - calibration, engagement of smaller muscle mass, lack of familiarity - lover oxygen consumption, lover HR , etc.
Bicycle ergometer×treadmill Treadmill - more in USA, Canada ? - mechanical efficiencyno more than 15 % • W (load) = speed (km/hour) • + elevation (%, °) Advantages: - natural movement, only one possibility for children - engagement of most muscle mass - achievement of “real” maximum (higher O2consumption, HR) Disadvantages: - space demands, noise - risk of fall, problems of measurement of BP and blood sample
