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This chapter explores key inventions and industrial leaders of the late 19th century. It covers the groundbreaking inventions of Elijah McCoy's oil cup, Margaret Knight's paper bag machine, Alexander Graham Bell's telephone, and Thomas Edison's phonograph and electric light bulb. The Bessemer Process, developed by Henry Bessemer, revolutionized steel production, which Andrew Carnegie leveraged to dominate the steel industry. John D. Rockefeller's formation of the Standard Oil Company illustrates corporate monopolies. The chapter also highlights the labor movement as workers sought better conditions through strikes and unions.
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Chapter 8 Lesson 1 & 2
A Time of Invention • Elijah McCoy-oil cup • Margaret Knight- machine that made paper bags • Alexander Graham Bell- telephone • Thomas Edison- phonograph, record player, electric light bulb
Henry Bessemer • Invented a process to make steel • The Bessemer Process made steel less expensive to make
Andrew Carnegie • Used the Bessemer Process to make steel for railroads • He bought fuel companies, railroads, and ships • His company produced close to ¼ of all the steel made in the US
John D. Rockefeller • Formed the Standard Oil Company, a corporation • Corporation: a business in which many people own shares, or parts, of the business • Rockefeller began buying other companies to reduce competition. • When there is less competition companies can raise their prices • Rockefeller bought so many companies that it almost became a monopoly • Monopoly: a company that has no competition
The Labor Movement • Factory workers were paid poorly and worked in dangerous conditions so they began to form labor unions. They also worked long hours • Labor Union: an organization of workers that tries to improve pay and working conditions for its members • Workers went on strike to try and get better work conditions and more pay • Strike: workers refuse to work
