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The Antebellum West

The Antebellum West. Expansion and Conflict. Manifest Destiny. Section 1. Expansionist Mentality. Economic Panic of 1839 drove people away from East East also lacked land—west didn’t 1845 Sullivan claimed destiny of Americans to “overspread the continent” Ordained by God

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The Antebellum West

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  1. The Antebellum West Expansion and Conflict

  2. Manifest Destiny Section 1

  3. Expansionist Mentality • Economic Panic of 1839 drove people away from East • East also lacked land—west didn’t • 1845 Sullivan claimed destiny of Americans to “overspread the continent” • Ordained by God • Much of rhetoric racially and culturally superior

  4. The Journey West • Glowing accounts of OR and CA drew huge parties of migrants • 2,000 mile, half-year, trek west started in Independence MO • Overland Trail led north west to OR, CA or NM • By 1860 350,000 had braved trails • 34,000 died, only 500 from Indians • Donner Party

  5. Politics of Expansion • MEX declared independence 1821 • 1843 OR conventions called for a split from joint US-UK control • Tyler and Calhoun proposed annexation of TX and OR • Election of 1844 hinged on annexation • Democrat Polk ran a pro-expansion campaign against Clay

  6. Southwest Expansionism Section 2

  7. Southwestern Tensions • MEX offered land grants to American in TX 1824 • Had to be Catholic and speak Spanish, most obeyed neither • Americans also brought slaves • By 1830s over 30,000 Americans were in Mexican Texas • 1834 Mexican Gen. Santa Anna took control of the region and Americans rebelled

  8. The Politics of Texas • American rebellion led to an assault on the Alamo in San Antonio • Americans declared the independence of the Republic of Texas 1836 • Sam Houston led forces to crush Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto • Annexation was contentious: • TX would likely be a slave state • Tyler saw Polk’s electoral victory as a sign to annex TX—1845

  9. Polk the Expansionist • Polk was a protégé of Jackson, pushed expansion • Sought a split of OR from British Canada at 54’ 40’ • Compromised at 49’ • Northern Democrats wanted OR as a free state, southern Democrats TX as slave • Polk saw to buy CA and NM from MEX using their debt as leverage • After losing TX, MEX wasn’t interested

  10. War with Mexico Section 3

  11. Path to War • MEX said border with TX was Nueces river, US said Rio Grande • Polk sent Gen. Zachary Taylor to the disputed zone b/w rivers • When Mexican forces attacked Taylor, Polk asked for a declaration of war • Congress approved May 13, 1846

  12. Mr. Polk’s War • The purchase of CA and NM for $30m failed • Rebellion in CA was encouraged • US naval forces responded by closing ports while a ground campaign severed CA from MEX • US captured Santa Fe • Winfield Scott struck deep into MEX advancing to the capital • Santa Anna agreed to peace (1847)

  13. War’s End • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended war 1848 • MEX ceded modern CA, NM, AZ and parts of TX, UT, CO and NV • US seized over ½ of MEX—paid $15m • Emerson said: Mexico will poison us” • Rep Wilmot (PA) proposed limiting slavery in new territories

  14. Election of 1848 • 1848 election defined by slavery and Wilmot Provisio • Democrats nominated Cass • Cass championed popular sovereignty: states choose to be slave or not • Whigs chose winning Gen. Taylor • Free Soil Party gathered non-slave Whigs, northern Democrats, and Liberty Party supporters

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