Current Capabilities for Space Security: A Korean Perspective

1. Current Capabilities for Space Security: A Korean Perspective Prof. Changdon Kee GNSS Lab, Seoul National University, South Korea Workshop on Collective Security in Space Tokyo, Japan, April 23, 2007

2. Contents • Introduction • Space Technology in Korea • Space Security Issues to Be Concerned • Issues and related proposals • Concluding Remarks

3. “Space Security” • Definition • Secure and sustainable access to, and use of space • Freedom from space-based threats • Eight indicators of space security • Space Environment • Laws, Policies, and Doctrines • Civil Space Programs and Global Utilities • Commercial Space • Space Support for Terrestrial Military Operations • Space Systems Protection • Space Systems Negation • Space-based Strike Weapons * Reference: http://www.spacesecurity.org

4. History of Space Technology in Korea • Established Korean Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) as an Independent Institute in 1996. • Developing Satellite Design, Manufacturing and Launch Capabilities • Joined the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) in 2001 • Participated in EU’s Galileo Project, a Satellite-based Navigation System, in 2006 • Constructing its Own Launch Site: “Naro Space Center” • Plans to Introduce First Launch Vehicle in 2007 or 2008 • Total of 11 Operation Satellites (7 LEOs and 4 GEOs) * Reference: http://www.kari.re.kr Naro Space Center

5. Naro Space Center (under construction) * Reference: http://space.go.kr Naro Space Center

6. National Space Program (1/3) 2006 2001 2007 KSLV-1 2007 SSat2 2005 KOREASAT4 2KOMPSAT6 2015 KOREASAT5 2008 KOMPSAT3 2005 KOMPSAT2 2002 SSat1 1999 KOMPSAT1 2008 COMS1 2008 SSat3 1999 KOREASAT3 2009 KOMPSAT4 1999 KITSAT3 KOMPSAT5 2011 2010 KSLV-2 2011 SSat4 2015 KSLV-3 KOMPSAT7 2013 SSat5 2015 KOMPSAT8 2015 SSat6 2014 COMS2 * Reference: http://www.most.go.kr Ministry of Science & Technology

7. National Space Program (2/3) Image #1 : Mt. Bakdu in Korea KOMPSAT-2 (Korea Multi-purpose Satellite-2) Application : Earth Observing Mass : 800 kg Orbit : 685 km x 685 km SSO Equipment : MSC (1m resolution) Image #2 : Seoul Olympic Stadium

8. National Space Program (3/3) COMS (Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite) Multi-purpose Geostationary Sat. KSLV-1 (Korea Space Launch Vehicle-1)

9. Space Security Issues to Be Concerned • Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) • Space Debris Mitigation • Frequency Spectrum & Orbit Slot Allocation • Satellite-based Navigation System and its Augmentation System

10. Government Statement (1/2) Statement by Chang Dong-hee, Ambassador of the Republic of Korea to the Conference on Disarmament, June 8, 2006 "The possibility of an arms race using advanced space and related technologies, as well as the proliferation of space debris, by-products of increased space activities, all give rise to an important question: how should we safeguard the uninterrupted and free use of outer space for peaceful purposes?" "Confidence-building measures constitute one of the most important aspects in the whole process. These may include building up support for an effective regime, readiness to negotiate it and, once agreed upon, the full and effective implementation of it. For this, we may need to start by seeking ways to strengthen effective compliance by current space-faring nations with existing agreements, such as the Registration Convention of 1975." * Reference: http://cns.miis.edu Center for Nonproliferation Studies

11. Government Statement (2/2) Statement by the Ban Ki-moon (Currently Secretary-General of the United Nations), Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Republic of Korea to the Conference on Disarmament, June 20, 2006. "On the prevention of arms race in the outer space, like many other countries, the Republic of Korea has greatly benefited from space-based technologies. We are keen to safeguard the uninterrupted and free use of the outer space for peaceful purposes. We welcome the in-depth CD debate on PAROS. In light of the complicated nature of the related issues, we believe a gradual and pragmatic approach is sensible at this state." • CD : Conference on Disarmament • PAROS : Prevention of An Arms Race in Outer Space * Reference: http://cns.miis.edu Center for Nonproliferation Studies

12. Orbit & Frequency Slot Allocation Problem • Multi-purpose Satellite Design • COMS(Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite) • Efficient methodology to overcome the problem of limited resources (Budget, Orbit slot, and frequency slot) • International Cooperation • SK Telecom of Korea and Mobile Broadcasting Corp. (MBCo) of Japan joined hands to launch the DMB satellite, MBSAT. • DMB : Digital Multimedia Broadcasting

13. GNSS and its Augmentation System • Several countries continued R&D of GNSS • U.S. GPS, Russian GLONASS, EU’s Galileo, Chinese COMPASS (Beidou), Japanese QZSS, and Indian IRNSS • Several countries continued R&D of GNSS Augmentation Systems • U.S. WAAS, EU EGNOS, Japanese MSAS, Indian GAGAN, Australian GRAS, Chinese SNAS, and etc. • Why each country needs its own separate GNSS Augmentation System? • Inefficiency, overlapping, and etc.

14. Geosynch Satellite GPS Satellite I Ionosphere Aircraft User WMS WRS WRS Current GNSS Augmentation System Centralized GNSS Augmentation System!

15. Current GNSS Augmentation System:Centralized System • In fact, the Country, which owns WMS (Wide-area Master Station), has such predominant power over the whole network area that the sovereignty of WMS will be a critical issue among interested countries. • Problems in Asia: • A deep-rooted heterogeneity with respect to historical and political background (ex. democracy vs. communism) • National Security Issue • Some subtle matters : • excessive concentration of security critical data • lack of mutual confidence among nations

16. Proposal on GNSS Augmentation System • Propose an Asian Version of GNSS Aug. System: “Decentralized GNSS Augmentation System” • solve the sovereignty issue of the network area by • distributing a predominant power to several local area (or nations) • guaranteeing operational independence within a homogeneous local area (or a nation) • Suggest a Project to Implement Asian GNSS Augmentation System • more easily induce “constructive engagement” in the Asian GNSS Augmentation System. • eventually promote the feasibility of the project.

17. GEO Current Development of GNSS Augmentation Systems GPS Satellite I Ionosphere Aircraft User Independent and Centralized Approach!

18. GEO GEO GPS Satellite I Ionosphere Aircraft User SRS SRS SMS + IFC Possible Way for Interoperability & Cooperation DecentralizedApproach for Regional Augmentation System !

19. Concluding Remarks • Korea develops Space Technology • Multi-purpose satellites, space launch vehicles, Naro space center, and space-based navigation system & its augmentation system • Must consider Space Security Issues • Orbit & frequency slot, peaceful use of outer space, and space debris mitigation • Propose “Decentralized GNSS Augmentation System in Asia” to start confidence-building for further Cooperation in Space Security