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UNIT 3: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

UNIT 3: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. WHAT IS A POLITICAL REVOLUTION?. WHEN CERTAIN CITIZENS OF A COUNTRY REPLACE THEIR GOVERNMENT WITH A NEW GOVERNMENT USUALLY USING FORCE OR VIOLENCE For Example: The Glorious Revolution, 1688 The American Revolution, 1776 The French Revolution, 1789.

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UNIT 3: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

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  1. UNIT 3: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

  2. WHAT IS A POLITICAL REVOLUTION? WHEN CERTAIN CITIZENS OF A COUNTRY REPLACE THEIR GOVERNMENT WITH A NEW GOVERNMENT USUALLY USING FORCE OR VIOLENCE • For Example: • The Glorious Revolution, 1688 • The American Revolution, 1776 • The French Revolution, 1789

  3. MAJOR CAUSES POLITICAL CAUSES • Louis XVI was a weak king • The French government was not as strong as it used to be • The French government was bankrupt • Spent more money than they made in taxes (deficit spending)

  4. MAJOR CAUSES ECONOMIC CAUSES • King Louis XIV left France in debt • Famine, high food prices, and unemployment made people all over France unhappy with the king • French clergy and nobility paid no taxes • The burden of taxation fell on the middle class and peasants

  5. MAJOR CAUSES ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS • New ideas made the French middle class and peasants want more rights and a role in the government • Natural Rights • Separation of Powers • Social Contract • Freedom of Religion

  6. MAJOR CAUSES IMMEDIATE CAUSE • King Louis XVI and the French government ran out of money • The government needed new taxes to pay off old debts • King Louis XVI called in the Estates-General to approve new taxes • The Estates-General made itself more democratic, called itself the National Assembly and started to change the French government

  7. ESTATES-GENERAL DEFINITION & ROLE IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

  8. WHAT’S AN ESTATE? • Estate is just a fancy word for social class • For Example: • The clergy (priests) is an estate • The nobility is an estate • The middle and lower class is an estate

  9. WHAT’S THE ESTATES-GENERAL • The ESTATES-GENERAL was supposed to represent all the social classes of France and approve new taxes for the king • It had three separate houses: one for each social class • 1st Estate – Clergy • 2nd Estate – Nobility • 3rd Estate – Everyone else in France

  10. LAND OWNERSHIP IN FRANCE • The 3rd Estate was by far the largest group in France • However, the 1st & 2nd Estates own 30% of the land in France • They usually owned the best land • The 3rd Estate didn’t like this

  11. HOW DID THE ESTATES-GENERAL WORK? ESTATES-GENERAL FIRST ESTATE: CLERGY SECOND ESTATE: NOBILITY THIRD ESTATE: EVERYBODY ELSE

  12. WHAT STARTED IT ALL? The angry people of Paris attacked the royal castle of the Bastille on July 14, 1789. After this show of support by the PEOPLE, the 3rd Estate took control of the Estates-General, renamed it the National Assembly, and started to change the French government and society

  13. WHAT DID THE THIRD ESTATE WANT? • A greater role in the government • Popular Sovereignty • The people (not the king) are in charge of the government • Limited monarchy • Protection of their natural rights • Life, Liberty, Property • Equality with the nobles and clergy • Freedom of religion • Limits on taxes • CHANGE

  14. MODERATE REFORMS OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

  15. DEFINITION OF MODERATE KEEPING WITHIN LIMITS AND NOT SUPPORTING EXTREME VIEWS • For Example: • Allowing some people the right to vote but not everyone

  16. WHAT’S THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY? • The “National Assembly” was the new name for the Estates-General after the 3rd Estate took control in 1789 • It was the new elected legislature of France • The Third Estate claimed they represented ALL the French people • They issued a document: the Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen that stated their views on society, religion and government • They started to reform France

  17. RELIGIOUS REFORMS • Established freedom of religion • Placed the Catholic Church under the control of the government • Took Catholic Church lands and ended the clergy’s special privileges

  18. POLITICAL REFORMS • All men, regardless of social class, were declared equal • Created a limited monarchy and established a permanent elected legislature • Granted MOST males the right to the vote throughout France

  19. SOCIAL REFORMS • Abolished the privileges of the nobility • Ended the feudal system in France • Established fair and equal taxation based on ability to pay

  20. RADICAL REFORMS OF THE COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

  21. DEFINITION OF RADICAL SUPPORTING EXTREME IDEAS AND VIEWS THAT ARE DIFFERENT FROM THE VIEWS OF MOST PEOPLE • For Example: • Abolishing all religion, arresting priests, and executing clergy

  22. DEFINITION OF COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY • IN 1792, A RADICAL GROUP TOOK CONTROL OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION • THE RADICALS FORMED A COMMITTEE AND EXERCISED TOTAL CONTROL OVER FRANCE’S GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY • THIS GROUP WAS LED BY ROBESPIERRE

  23. ROBESPIERRE • Participated in the revolution from the beginning but took control in 1792 • Led the revolution during the “radical” period • Chairman of the Committee of Public Safety • Favored radical ideas from the Enlightenment • Abolition of Religion • Abolition of the Monarchy • Favored democracy • Abolition of the Nobility

  24. RELIGIOUS REFORMS • Abolished the Catholic Church and all other religions • Persecuted and executed Catholic Clergy • Destroyed churches and confiscated all Church lands

  25. POLITICAL REFORMS • Abolished the monarchy • Executed King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette in 1793 • Created a democratic republic with elected representatives • Established UNIVERSAL MALE SUFFRAGE • The right for all men to vote and elect their leaders • Government took over people’s lives and was led by radicals

  26. SOCIAL REFORMS • Allowed women to own property • Established complete equality for all male citizens • Favored the lower classes over the middle classes and wealthy

  27. THE REIGN OF TERROR • The Committee of Public Safety used fear to implement its reforms • The radicals executed the king & queen, nobles, priests, the wealthy, and any possible opponent of their radical views • Between 40,000 and 80,000 people were killed

  28. SPREADING REVOLUTION • The Committee of Public Safety wanted to spread the revolution to other countries in Europe • French armies conquered lands, killed kings and nobles, and created democracies • The other kings of Europe were VERY afraid of France

  29. THE DIRECTORY • After the death of Robespierre, moderates took power in France by setting up a five man Directory with a 2 house legislature • The Directory was set up by the Constitution of 1795 • Ruled France from 1795-1799

  30. WHY DID THE DIRECTORY FAIL? • Faced too many threats • Tensions with Austria and Britain • Corrupt leaders • Raising bread prices • Angry Catholics • Royalist feelings resurface throughout France • People began to turn to Napoleon Bonaparte, a popular military hero

  31. MAJOR IDEAS OF THE REVOLUTION • LIMITED MONARCHY • EQUALITY AND NATURAL RIGHTS • ANTI-RELIGIOUS • NATIONALISM • REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT • Elected representatives • No kings or nobility • Universal male suffrage

  32. MAJOR EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTION • SPREAD OF NATIONALISM • Strong patriotic feelings for your country • SPREAD OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS • Democracy & Republican government • Natural rights • Equality • FEAR OF REVOLUTION • Governments are afraid of popular revolutions • SPREAD OF REVOLUTION • Latin America (1812 – 1830) • Haiti (1803)

  33. POLITICAL CARTOON

  34. POLITICAL CARTOON

  35. THE AGE OF NAPOLEON

  36. NAPOLEON’S RISE TO POWER • 1769 – Born on the island of Corsica • 1785 – Becomes an officer in the French army • 1793 – Helps capture Toulon from British and was promoted to Lieutenant • 1796-97 – Helps wins victories against Austria in Italy • 1799 – Becomes political figure, overthrows the Directory and sets up a three man consulate, naming himself the first consul • 1804 – Titled himself emperor of France • Napoleon held a plebiscite each time he stepped up in power

  37. TOULON

  38. NAPOLEON’S REFORMS • Strengthened central government • Provided order, security, and efficiency • Controlled prices • Built roads and canals • Set up public schools • Concordat of 1801 – recognized religious freedom for Catholics • Established the Napoleonic Code

  39. HOW DID NAPOLEON BUILD AN EMPIRE IN EUROPE • Large armies, moved quickly, took risks • Annexed lands • Netherlands • Belgium • Parts of Italy and Germany • Failed to conquer Britain • Blockade • Put family and friends on the throne in Europe

  40. THE FALL OF NAPOLEON • Nationalism backfires • Spain resists French rule when Napoleon replaced the King of Spain with his brother Joseph Bonaparte • Guerilla warfare (hit and run raids) • War with Austria • Napoleon’s army is defeated by Russia • Harsh climate

  41. CONGRESS OF VIENNA 3 MAJOR LEADERS • AUSTRIA – Clemens von Metternich • RUSSIA – Czar Alexander I • BRITAIN – Lord Robert Castlereagh

  42. CONGRESS OF VIENNA GOALS • Contain French ambitions • Create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power • Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong • Protect the system of the monarchy • Wanted to be able to suppress future revolution

  43. CONGRESS OF VIENNA OUTCOMES • Legitimacy – restoring the hereditary monarchies that the French Revolution and Napoleon had unseated • France – Louis XVIII was put on the French throne • Quadruple Alliance (Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia) – pledged to act together to maintain the balance of power • Redrew the boundaries of some European countries

  44. QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE

  45. EUROPE AFTER THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA

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