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Race and Immigration Restriction

This overview explores the significant waves of immigration in US history, focusing on the antebellum period (1840-1860) and the late 19th to early 20th century (1900-1920), highlighting the diverse ethnic backgrounds of immigrants, including Northern and Southern Europeans, as well as Asian immigrants. It delves into the influence of naturalization laws and racial prerequisites, along with the 1924 Immigration Act, which enforced quotas and restricted immigration from certain countries. Additionally, it examines the role of race in constructing immigration policies.

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Race and Immigration Restriction

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  1. Race and Immigration Restriction

  2. Immigration Waves in US History • antebellum, 1840-1860—largely northern European, especially England, Ireland and Germany—approx. 4.5 million • late 19th-early 20th century, 1900-1920—largely Southern and Eastern European, including Polish and Russian Jews, Italian, Greek—approx. 14.5 million • also Asian immigrants in the late 19th-early 20th century, in much fewer numbers (for example, Chinese immigrants built US railroads)

  3. Immigration Waves > photograph of “immigrants” returning to Europe, 1907

  4. Immigration Waves > Construction of Racial Difference What is this man’s ethnic background?

  5. Immigration Waves > Construction of Racial Difference

  6. Naturalization Law and Race in US History • 1790 - Congress limits naturalization to white persons • 1870 - Congress adds African Americans (naturalization limited to “free white persons” and “persons of African descent”) • 1952 - racial prerequisite for naturalization eliminated

  7. Naturalization Law and Race > Cartoon on the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

  8. Naturalization Law and Race > U.S. v Bhagat Singh Thind, 1923

  9. Immigration Restriction > Ku Klux Klan Marching in DC

  10. Immigration Restriction > Cartoon on the Literacy Test

  11. Immigration Restriction > Cartoon on the Quota Act of 1921

  12. Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act) • Based ceilings on the number of immigrants from any particular nation on 2 percent of each nationality recorded in the 1890 census • Was directed against immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe who arrived in large numbers after 1890 • Barred all immigrants ineligible for citizenship on racial grounds, including all south and east Asians (including Indians, Japanese, and Chinese)

  13. Immigration Act of 1924 > Annual Immigration Quotas • Germany - 51,227 • Great Britain - 34,007 • Ireland - 28,567 • Italy - 3,845 • Hungary - 473 • Greece - 100 • Egypt - 100

  14. Immigration Act of 1924 > Map of Europe, Literary Digest, 1924

  15. Immigration Act of 1924 > Mae Ngai’s article • What is the main argument of the article? • Does the author present sufficient evidence to support her argument? • What author’s insights did you find the most original and useful? • In what ways do you think the author might have done things differently? • Ngai says that the law “constructed race.” What does she mean? • What role statistics and the Census played in the development of this legislation?

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