Resilience in American Indian and Alaska Native and First Nations Adolescents

1. Resilience in American Indian and Alaska Native and First Nations Adolescents Aurora Trujillo MPH Student – Public Health Policy and Management Concentration University of Arizona - Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health

2. Understanding adolescent and pubescent life stages are essential for further comprehending early adulthood and the life course and the effects of social environments. • As suicide rates and substance abuse rates among this age group remain high, a literature review is elemental for exploring the protective factors affecting resilience in overcoming risks.

3. Purpose of the literature review is to explore protective factors affecting resilience • Understand how resilient outcomes are being defined in the literature for the adolescent population Objective

4. Resilience is the attainment of wellbeing or a positive outcome, according to the life stage developmental abilities and successful attainment despite risk factors. (Burack, Blinder, Flores, & Fitch, 2007) Resilience in the adolescent population

5. Parameters for inclusion: • Peer-reviewed and available on PubMed • Published from 1990-2013 in English • Native American target population • Identify adolescence from puberty to young adulthood (11-21 years of age) • Contain concepts such as protective factors, cultural identity, self-esteem, self-concept, and social environment Methods

6. Search Terms Terms entered into PubMed Central search database

7. Results

8. “interest in learning about culture” • “cultural identification” • “ethnic identity” • “cultural identity” • “enculturation” • “cultural-pride” Cultural Identity

9. “self-efficacy” • “self-esteem” • “efficacy beliefs in academic, social, and resisting negative peer influences” • “empower” Self-Concept

10. “parental monitoring” • “peer-led program” • “connectedness and interdependence” • “pro-social” Social Support

11. Resilient outcomes: • Low BMI • Low violent behavior • Positive academic performance • “decrease or absence of depressive symptoms” • Social functioning • “subjective well-being, self-concept clarity” • Hope • Empower What does resilience in adolescence look like?

12. Articles focused on individual tools or mechanisms for attaining resilient outcomes • There are different kinds of populations within the Native American adolescent group: • Pregnant and parenting teens • Rural and off-reservation populations • Effects of ICWA, teens living in foster care or are adopted Discussion

13. Limitations in the literature: • There were no accounts of community resilience in the youth population • No work on LGBTQ came up in the search • Some factors could be considered both a risk and a protective factor • Articles focused interventions programs. Summary

14. Next directions for future research or exploration… • Address different situations • Community resilience • Interventions could be enhanced by use of retrospective designs and/or mixed methods Recommendations

15. Burack, J., Blinder, A., Flores, H., & Fitch, T. (2007). Constructions and deconstructions of risk, resilience and wellbeing: a model for understanding the development of Aboriginal adolescents . Australian Psychiatry, 18-23. References

16. This work was supported by the Center for American Indian Resilience (CAIR), a NIH-NIMHD P20 Exploratory Center for Excellence(1p20MD006872) awarded to Northern Arizona University with subcontracts to University of Arizona and Dine College. Thank You