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Life in the Middle Ages, 900-1300

Life in the Middle Ages, 900-1300. Manorialism. The manor was an agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by peasants Free peasants bound to the land of a manor were called SERFS By the ninth century 60% of the people of Western Europe were serfs

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Life in the Middle Ages, 900-1300

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  1. Life in the Middle Ages, 900-1300

  2. Manorialism • The manor was an agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by peasants • Free peasants bound to the land of a manor were called SERFS • By the ninth century 60% of the people of Western Europe were serfs • Serfs worked 3 days a week and paid rent by giving a share of their produce to the lord

  3. Daily Life • The Church played an important role in manorial life • Serfs had over fifty holidays a year • As trade between regions returned, gold and silver coins came in demand: MONEY ECONOMY replaced bartering • COMMERCIAL CAPITALISM: investing in trade and goods to create profits

  4. Cities • Cities became the centers of trade where merchants could live and build warehouses • Most cities were usually built alongside rivers • Large cities had about 5,000 people • In 1200, London had 30,000 people • Venice, Milan, Naples, Florence, and Genoa had about 100,000 each • But these were small compared to the Arabic cities of Damascus, Cairo, and Baghdad

  5. The Church • Even kings had to answer to the power of the pope • The land of central Italy even became known as “The Papal States” • Kings don’t like listening to anyone and practiced LAY INVESTITURE: nominating people loyal to them for church offices • Popes would order bishops to refuse to offer sacraments as a way to exert pressure on kings • By the 1200’s, the Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in Europe

  6. Don’t Cross the Boss • Anyone who defied the Church was readily labeled a heretic: someone who went against church teachings • Dealing with heretics led to the INQUISITION: a special court who tried accused heretics • Accused heretics were sometimes tortured until they confessed

  7. A Center for Learning • Many monasteries became centers of learning where students learned Roman law: today, we call them UNIVERSITIES • The University of Bologna, Italy is the oldest university in the world founded in 1088 • University of Oxford founded in 1096 is the oldest surviving university in the English-speaking world! • Students studied the liberal arts: law, grammar, arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy to earn a Bachelor of Arts and then a Master of Arts • Students of Law, Medicine, and Theology could earn the Philosophiae Doctor and earn a Doctorate Degree

  8. Reading and Writing • Universities instructed in Latin, but in the 1100’s, literature moved away from Latin to VERNACULAR: the language used in a particular region

  9. Architecture • During the Middle Ages, some of the greatest examples of architecture was built in Europe: the great cathedral churches • Romanesque Architecture was inspired by semicircular arches • Gothic Architecture is defined by the pointed arch, flying buttress, and ribbed vaults

  10. Lisbon Cathedral, 1147

  11. Lincoln Cathedral, 1311

  12. Gothic Architecture at its Best • Perhaps the two most famous examples of medieval Gothic architecture are… • Westminster Abbey, London • Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris

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