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Political and Economic Change in R ussia

Political and Economic Change in R ussia. By Giovanni Corti. Russian Civil War: A Timeline. March 1917-Februrary Revolution March 7 th -mass protests in the capital Mutiny of the army Tsar Nicholas abdicates on March 15 th March 15 th -Provisional Government Begins

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Political and Economic Change in R ussia

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  1. Political and Economic Change in Russia By Giovanni Corti

  2. Russian Civil War: A Timeline • March 1917-Februrary Revolution • March 7th-mass protests in the capital • Mutiny of the army • Tsar Nicholas abdicates on March 15th • March 15th-Provisional Government Begins • March 22nd-Recognized by the USA • September 14th-Duma Dissolved, country officially declared the Russian Republic • November 7th-October Revolution • October 23rd- Bolshevik Central Committee decide an armed uprising is inevitable • November 7th-Winter Palace Stormed, Anti-Bolshevik movement begins • October 1922-Valdivostock falls, fighting completely over

  3. Russian Civil War: Causes and Effects Causes Effects Communists eventually gain power Lenin moves away from hardline communism toward NEP Removal of the Royal Family Eventually executed Economy Devastated Infrastructure Destroyed Industrial production down 85% from 1913 Agriculture production down 65% from 1913 • War related difficulties • Millions of soldiers died • Army severely underfunded • Lack of equality • Both wealth and power • Duma had little power • Riots caused by food shortages • Solders join riots • Nicholas II • Uncompromising, refused to share power • Incompetent

  4. New Economic Policy 1921-1925 Causes Effects Allowed limited private industry Mostly in agriculture Agricultural production increase 40% Caused rift within the communist party Stalin opposed • Famine • Russian Civil war • Bad weather • Loss of population in cities • Taxes rather than requisition • Allowed peasants to keep and sell surplus

  5. Stalin: 1924-1953 • Seized Power • Blamed Sergei Kirov’s murder on Trotsky’s followers. • Eventually had Trotsky assassinated • Oppressive ruler • Police Terrorism • Massive purges • Five year plans- Plans to rapidly industrialize the USSR included staggering goals • Ended NEP • Increase Industrial production by 250% • Increase Agricultural production by 150% • Increase heavy industry by 300%

  6. Collectivization: 1928 Causes Effects Death In 1945 Stalin admitted that collectivization killed over 10 million Famine Kulak Persecution Kulaks- better off peasants Stalin ordered them “liquidated as a class” Peasant Resistance Some peasants saw this as a second form of serfdom, they sabotaged the reforms Religious persecution Churches closed Priests arrested • Compete with Westernized Nations • Communist Ideals • Lenin thought small scale farming gave rise to capitalism • Greater efficiency • Grain Shortages • Agricultural output slated to increase 150%

  7. Industrialization: 1928 Causes Effects Heavy investment 1/3 of the soviet GDP was invested in industrialization Standards of living did not rise due to heavy investment Rise of cities Industrial complex’s spawned cities Steel Steel production increased 500% in 9 years • Compete with westernized nations • Foreign engineers • American engineers from depression era America • Labor disciple • Jobs assigned by government • Movement required permission

  8. Destalinization:1955 The process of removing Stalin's cult of, political system and labor camps Causes Effects Attempt to expunge Stalin’s legacy Stalingrad changed to Volgograd Stalin’s name removed from many other locations Stalin's body moved out of Lenin’s mausoleum Satellite Countries were able to form their own governments Still under soviet control End of forced labor Gulags were made more humane Gulags began to shrink exponentially • Nikita Khrushchev became First secretary • 2 years after Stalin's death • Stalin’s dictatorial style • Started by secret speech • Sharply criticized Stalin • Reveled that Lenin had doubted Stalin

  9. Glasnost:1985 Causes Effects Greater freedom of expression Nationalist parties in various republics gained strength Political prisoners released Looser travel restrictions Greater freedom of press Government lost control of media Societal problems such as alcoholism and food shortages exposed More western culture People learned about past atrocities Communist system discredited • Started by Gorbachev • Corruption and abuse of power • An attempt to bring openness and transparency to soviet politics

  10. Perestroika:1985 Causes Effects Greater autonomy in industry State enterprises free to determine output based on consumer demand Some private business ownership (Restaurants, shops etc.) More relaxed foreign trade Ceased Religious persecution Relaxation of censorship Books such as 1984 and Animal Farm could now be published • Started by Gorbachev • Attempt to jump start soviet economy • In 1985 Gorbachev gave a speech admitting to a slowing economy and an unacceptable standard of living

  11. Fall of the Soviet Union:1991 Causes Effects Dominance of USA Turmoil in Russia Formation of Russian Republic and other countries Political and economic turmoil in some newly formed countries Shock therapy in Russia, GDP falls by 50% • Loosening/Loss of control • Glasnost • Perestroika • Loss of control in satellite states • Fall of the Berlin Wall • Unrest in various republics • Failed August coup • Hardline communists attempted to remove Gorbachev • Officially occurs December 25th 1991 • Stagnant Economy • Lack of incentives lead to little innovation and low productivity • Competitive military spending

  12. Russian Republic: Post Soviet Economic Reforms Causes Effects Shock Therapy Cut government spending drastically Eliminated massive inflation Ended protectionism Advised by USA and IMF Failed, caused national GDP to drop by 50% Privatization $30 given to every Russian citizen to buy stock Oligarchs ended up with rights to most valuable industry Putin slowly renationalizing oil • Free market system

  13. Russian Republic: Post Soviet Political Reforms Causes effects New constitution New governmental institutions Chechen Wars Commonwealth of independent states Elections Many candidates Wide range of ideologies Corruption still fairly widespread 26% chance of using bribes in judicial system Ranks 133/174 transparency internationals index • New government • Stronger rule of law • Trend Started by Gorbachev

  14. Trends and Statistics • Revolution rather than evolution • GDP: $2.015 Trillion (2012) • 506 billion (1989) • GDP Per capita $14,037 (2012) • Per Capita $3,428 (1989) • Exports mainly natural resources • Ranks 52nd on Gini(wealth inequality) index • Score of 41.7 • Between south Korea and Cote D’Ivoire • USA ranks 41st

  15. GINI index graph

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