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Political Economic Change and Environmental Consequences in Latin America

Political Economic Change and Environmental Consequences in Latin America. Three Phases of Political Economic Organization. Extractive Phase: 1492-Early 20 th century Import Substitution Industrialization: Early 20 th century-the Debt Crisis of the 1970’s

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Political Economic Change and Environmental Consequences in Latin America

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  1. Political Economic Change and Environmental Consequences in Latin America

  2. Three Phases of Political Economic Organization • Extractive Phase: 1492-Early 20th century • Import Substitution Industrialization: Early 20th century-the Debt Crisis of the 1970’s • The Current Structural Adjustment Phase: Beginning with the Mexican financial crisis of 1982.

  3. Extractive Phase: Colonialism and a changing landscape • Landscape: A term that incorporates both the visible physical environment of a place and the cultural, political, and economic forces that shape it.

  4. Extractive Phase: Economic forces of change • Mercantilist Economic Policies: Protectionist policies aimed at increasing the wealth of European countries at the expense of colonies. • Plantation agriculture, the hacienda system, and livestock ranching: new plants, animals, and social organization.

  5. Extractive Phase: Cultural change • Annihilation of indigenous populations • Within 150 years the population of the Americas was reduced by 90% to around 5.6 million people. • The introduction of African people and customs to Latin America. • Africans had immunity to European diseases. • Introduced new forms of food, family org., religion, music and dance • The creation of Mestizo and Creole culture. • Independence movements

  6. Import Substitution Industrialization • The Dependistas: Dependency theory and the creation of a new economic model. • Uneven terms of trade • Structural underdevelopment • Modernization: Agricultural versus Industrial development. Developing in the European image. • Land reforms: the break up of the hacienda system and private property.

  7. The Debt Crisis • Petro-Dollars: OPEC oil embargo, global recession and ISI. • Neoliberal macroeconomic policies: Inflation control and interest rates. • Structural Adjustment Policies: The spread of the neoliberal paradigm to Latin America. • Neocolonialism

  8. Neoliberalism: Structural Adjustment and EPZs • Review of Structural Adjustment Programs and Neoliberalism. • Free trade, privatization, and the dismantling of the State. • Export Processing Zones: Debt repayment and enclaves of environmental damage • A race to the bottom?

  9. Development: Can it be Sustainable? • Rio Conference of 1992, Agenda 21, and the Bruntland Report. • Sustainable development: Meeting the needs of today without compromising the well-being of future generations. • Does poverty lead to unsustainable land use? • New options for sustainable development: fair trade and ecotourism.

  10. Discussion points from the video • In what ways does fair trade coffee perpetuate a dependent relationship between producers and consumers? • In what ways can fair trade help to foster sustainable development? • How is fair trade coffee production similar and different from previous forms of agricultural production in Latin America?

  11. Next Lecture • Russia: Economic Liberalism, political authoritarianism and oil. pp. 191-209

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