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Biology EOC Review 2012

Biology EOC Review 2012. Copies available upon request. Please see Ms. H during TUTORING only!. About the EOC. Required for graduation 15 percent rule is still up for debate You STILL have to pass, or you won’t graduate! Biology EOC has 54 Multiple Choice Questions You have 4 hours

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Biology EOC Review 2012

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  1. Biology EOC Review 2012 Copies available upon request. Please see Ms. H during TUTORING only!

  2. About the EOC • Required for graduation • 15 percent rule is still up for debate • You STILL have to pass, or you won’t graduate! • Biology EOC has 54 Multiple Choice Questions • You have 4 hours • Don’t rush! • Take the time to actually READ the material! • Scores won’t come out until school is done.

  3. Study Strategies • Identify strengths and weaknesses • Try to improve your weakest areas, but don’t neglect the other areas! • Don’t just “look at” your notes! • Interact with the information • Find practice problems • Rephrase notes in your own words • Explain a concept to someone else

  4. Study Strategies • DON’T just blindly copy someone to get the practice problems done. • YOU are responsible for the information. Are you really going to let someone else think for you and cripple you on test day because you never learned to think? • Come to tutoring! • If you don’t understand something or can’t explain it in gorey detail, GET HELP!

  5. Study Strategies • Form a study group- actually study! • Keep it small, be selective of who you study with • Divide and conquer- if pressed for time, try to have someone in your group each tackle a particular unit or topic, have them explain it to the group. • Meet regularly to discuss the material, but don’t over do it • Get a good night’s sleep and eat well (eat a real meal, not chips, candy, and a soda) • Make a flash card of things you know you tend to forget. Tape it to your bathroom mirror and recite the things on your flash card every day while you get ready for school.

  6. Test Taking Strategies

  7. Test taking strategies • Process of elimination • If you can narrow a question down to two possible choices, you’ve increased your odds of guessing correctly by 50% ! • If you don’t know a question, SKIP IT and come back later • Don’t leave things blank, but make sure you give yourself enough time to answer the questions you do know where you can earn points. • Breathe! • Breakdown words you don’t know. We’ve talked about prefixes and suffixes all year long • Physically cover distracting information with scratch paper or your hand.

  8. Test Taking Strategies • If you find yourself glazing over, put your pencil down, close your eyes and take a few deep breaths. Sit up straight and try again. • DON’T sleep! • Take your time! You have four hours to answer 54 questions. That’s a little less than twice the questions we normally give you on an exam. • Sit up! You’ll increase the flow of oxygen to your brain and increase your chances of understanding the stuff you’re reading

  9. Test Taking Strategies • Write in your booklets! • Don’t be afraid to take notes, hi-lite, or underline important words • Draw diagrams if it helps you break down a problem. • Identify what the problem is asking for. Sometimes you will be given a lot of information! It helps to know what you’re looking for in a problem.

  10. Test Taking Strategies • You are NOT penalized for guessing (unless you guess on the whole test…) • Make your best guess if you do not know! • Use information from previous problems • Sometimes you can find answers to other problems on the test just by answering a different question that might jog your memory • Plan something fun to do after the EOC- see a movie, get some ice cream, visit a friend, etc. • Don’t party too hard! You’ve got other exams to think about!

  11. Unit 1: Safety and Scientific Method

  12. Unit 1 : Safety & Scientific Method • MSDS- material safety data sheet • Dangers/ precautions to take/ action to take • Hazard Diamond (NFPA Safety Diamond) • Flammability Hazard • Stability/Reactivity Hazard • Special or Specific Hazard • Health Hazards • Rated 0- 4, (least to most dangerous)

  13. Unit 1: Safety/Scientific Method • Scientific Method: • Observe • Question • Research • Hypothesis • Collect Data/ Do experiment • Draw conclusions

  14. Unit 1: Safety/Scientific Method • Experimental Design • Control • Controlled experiment • Dependent Variable • Independent Variable • Draw Conclusions • Replication • Accuracy Vs. Precision • Theory Vs. Hypothesis Vs. Law

  15. Unit 2: Biochemistry

  16. Unit 2: biochemistry • Macromolecules – smaller molecules form larger ones • Carbohydrates (Short term energy) • Starches, sugars • Monosaccharide • -Ose means sugar • Lipids (long term energy) • glycerol, waxes, steroids, fats, phospholipids • Glycerol • Proteins (building block, enzymes) • (Amino Acids) • -Ase means enzyme • Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA) • (Nucleotides)

  17. Unit 2: biochemistry • Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts • Lock and Key mechanism • Enzyme fits onto substrate at active site • Things that affect enzyme activity: • Temperature (Too high- denatures (kills), too cold (slow)) • pH- optimal range • Salts (can denature protein) • Inhibitors • Competitive- block active site • allosteric- change shape of active site to prevent binding.

  18. Unit 2: biochemistry • Bonding • Ionic: two oppositely charged ions steal/give electrons to each other (easily broken) • Covalent: two atoms share electrons • Peptide Bonds: usually between amino acids to make proteins • Dehydration synthesis- remove a water molecule, create a larger molecule • Hydrogen bonds: form between base pairs in DNA- gives DNA

  19. Unit 2: biochemistry • Lipids • Saturated – most carbon atoms are bonded to two hydrogen atoms. • Unsaturated – most carbon atoms are bonded to one hydrogen atom.

  20. Unit 3: Cells

  21. Unit 3: Cells • Important scientists: • Hooke • First compound microscope • Looked at cork cells • Van Leewenhoek • First living cells • Schleiden • Cells make up all parts of plants • Virchow • Cells come from other cells • Schwann • Animals are made of cells • They developed Cell theory: • 1. All living things are made of one or more cells. • 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. • 3. All cells arise from existing cells • Homeostasis

  22. Unit 3: Cells Organelles: • Cell membrane • Cell wall • Ribosomes • Centrioles • Chloroplasts • Mitochondria • Endoplasmic Reticulum • Rough • Smooth • Golgi Bodies • Lysosome • Nucleus • Vacuole • Cilia/Flagellum • Pili

  23. Unit 3: Cells

  24. Plant & Animal Cells

  25. Unit 4: Transport

  26. Unit 4: osmosis/Diffusion • Diffusion: Particles move from high concentration to low • Passive Transport (no energy required to move particles) • Osmosis: Same thing, but with water • Facilitated Diffusion: Some particles are too big to fit through a membrane • Use a special hole in membrane to pass down concentration gradient. • Active Transport (need energy- ATP) • Use proteins to transport things AGAINST concentration gradient. • Example: Sodium/Potassium Pump • Endo/Exocytosis

  27. Unit 4: Transport

  28. Unit 4: Photosynthesis/Respiration

  29. Unit 4: Photosynthesis/Respiration

  30. Unit 4: Photosynthesis/Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP Light Reactions • Stage 1: Pigments in chloroplasts capture energy (light) from the sun • Water molecules split, O2 is released • Stage 2: Convert light energy in electron transport chain (makes ATP/NADPH) • Stage 3: Carbon fixation • Stage 4: Reduction • Stage 5: Regeneration of Co2 Acceptor Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

  31. Unit 4: Photosynthesis/Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP • Cellular Respiration: Makes ATP from sugar • Opposite reaction of photosynthesis • Occurs in Mitochondria • Aerobic Respiration • In Oxygen • Krebs Cycle • ETC • Makes 32 ATP • Anaerobic Respiration- Makes 2 ATP • Fermentation (Lactic Acid or Alcoholic)

  32. Unit 4: Mitosis/Meiosis

  33. Unit 4: Cell Cycle (Mitosis/Meiosis)

  34. Unit 4: Cell Cycle • Mitosis- asexual reproduction • Somatic Cells • 2 Identical cells • IPMAT (Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis) • Diploid Cells • Spindle fibers • Centrioles • Cancer- uncontrolled Cell growth

  35. Unit 4: Mitosis/Meiosis • Meiosis: • Sexual reproduction • Make genetically distinct four haploid cells • 2 rounds of division • Makes Gametes • Egg • Sperm • Recombination

  36. Unit 4: Mitosis/Meiosis During Meiosis, Chromsomes undergo “Crossing Over” It allows for genetic variation

  37. Unit 5: Genetics

  38. Unit 5: Genetics • DNA Replication (in nucleus) • DNA copies itself during S Phase • Semiconservative • Helicase, polymerase, ligase, topoisomerase • New strand assembled 5’ 3 ‘ • Lagging strand 3’  5’ • Creates okazaki fragments • Synthesis pairs complementary base pairs, bind with hydrogen bonds. • A-T • C-G

  39. Unit 5: Genetics • DNA is a double helix • Smallest unit is a nucleotide. • Mutations happen when a mistake is made during replication, transcription, or translation • Mutation- change in nucleotide base sequence of a gene. • Point mutation- change 1 base • Frame shift- add or delete base, changes reading frame • Germ line mutation occurs in gamete cells

  40. Unit 5: Genetics • Protein synthesis- 2 steps: • Transcription • Translation • Transcription: convert DNA  RNA in nucleus • RNA Primase finds TATA box to begin transcription • New transcript is mRNA (messenger RNA) • mRNA leaves nucleus to find a ribosome • Translation: convert mRNA  Protein • mRNA associates with large and small ribosomal subunits • tRNA brings amino acid that corresponds to codon • Chain of AA held together by polypeptide bonds continues until a stop codon is reached • Ribosome falls off, protein synthesized.

  41. Nuclear membrane DNA Transcription Pre-mRNA RNA Processing mRNA Ribosome Translation Protein Unit 5: Genetics

  42. Unit 5: Genetics

  43. Unit 5: Genetics • Gregor Mendel- Pea Plant study for patterns of inheritance (color, height, seed shape, etc.) • Genotype- alleles of an individual • Phenotype- physical appearance of an individual • Capital Letter means dominant • Lower case letter means recessive. • Use punnett squares to figure out inheritance patterns • Dominant BB (homozygous dominant) or Bb (heterozygous) • Recessive bb (homozygous recessive) B b b b

  44. Unit 5: Genetics • Can use punnett square to study two traits- dihybrid cross: TtPp X TtPp

  45. Unit 5: Genetics • Non-Mendellian Genetics • Polygenetic inheritance • Eye color • Co-Dominance • Roan Cows • Sex Linked Trait • Color blindness • Hemophilia • Incomplete dominance • Pink snapdragons • Environmental factors can affect phenotype! • Acidity of soil and hydrangeas • Arctic Fox

  46. Unit 5: Genetics • Pedigree- diagram that shows a family’s pattern of inheritance • Circles- girls • Squares- boys • Shaded means have trait • Half shaded means carrier

  47. Unit 5: Genetics • Gene technology • Karyotype • Helps to determine trisomy • Recombinant DNA • Stem Cells • DNA Fingerprint • Electrophoresis • Cloning • Human Genome Project • Mapped DNA sequence of humans

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