Choosing the Right Treatment

1. Choosing the Right Treatment 2013 MnPIE Recertification Dale S. Sutherland CPS Timberland

2. Managing Sites, Not Just Treating Them • Vegetation Management • Seldom a one shot treatment • Converting vegetation types over time • Usually fighting natural succession • On going battle • Use all the tools • Know What You Have • Inventory • Know What You Want • Desired Future Condition • Vision • Know How to Get There • IVM Plan • Know your toolbox

3. Vegetation Management Plans A solid Vegetation Management Plan/Strategy can Eliminate the Need for “Mulligans”

4. Inventory Site Need to know what you have Target Species What do you want to control Non Target Species What species do you want to protect Sensitive Areas Wetlands/Streams/Lakes etc Rare and/or Endangered Species Adjacent Ownership Ag fields/gardens Adjacent vegetation other Soil Type Other ID what is important to your site and for your goals/vision Inventory

5. Know the SpeciesTarget and Non Target • Plant Characteristics • Know how they tick….. • You need this info to develop action plan • Live Cycle • Annual • Biennial • Perennial • Reproduction • Seed • Root/rhizome • Habitat/Ecosystem needs • Use of classification systems (ECS, Habitat Type, Biophysical, Soil type, etc) • Helps you predict what is likely to show up following mgmt activities • Moisture • Light • Etc

6. Desired Future Condition • What do you want it to look like? • Native Grass/Prairie • Red Pine Stand • Grassy Powerline R/W • How do you get there? • Here is where the IVM toolbox comes in • Mechanical • Chemical ( We’ll focus here) • Biological • Cultural • Knowledge about the Plants • Knowledge about your tools • How do they work

7. IVM Toolbox • Mechanical • Chemical • Cultural • Biological • Most treatments will fit in these catagories

8. Herbicide Classifications(Products can fall into multiple categories) • Selective • Controls only certain types of plants • Broadleaf herbicides such as Garlon, Tordon, Escort • Non Selective • Will damage or control most plants • Rodeo, Roundup, Arsenal • Rate dependant • Systemic • Translocated throughout the plant • Garlon, Tordon, Arsenal, Escort, Rodeo • Contact • Controls only the portion of the plant that is treated • Krenite

9. Herbicide Classifications(Products can fall into multiple categories) • Pre Emergent (Oust XP, Diuron, Krovar, Evade) • Controls plant growth at germination • Emergent (Most products used in VM and Forestry) • Controls plants after germination • Foliar Systemic (Garlon, Escort, Tordon, Arsenal, Streamline) • Applied to top growth and translocated throughout the plant • Soil active systemic (Tordon, Arsenal, Spike, Perspective) • Absorbed into root system and translocated throughout the plant. • Pre emergent products are soil active

10. Translocation Site-of-Action Mechanism-of-Action Mode of Action Defined: The entire chain of events from first contact of the herbicide to the final effect on the plant. Absorption

11. Why understand herbicide MOA? • Better understanding of how herbicides perform • The role surfactants play • Diagnosing herbicide injury • Professionalism • Public relations

12. Mode of Action For a herbicide to be an effective, it must: • Contact the plant surface • Remain on the plant surface long enough to be absorbed • Reach a cellular site and disrupt a life supporting process or structure • Degrade into non-toxic metabolites

13. Absorption orMode of EntryMovement of herbicide through the cuticle or epidermal root tissue into the plant

14. Mode of Entry Primary means by which herbicide is absorbed into a plant. Three options: • Foliar active • Soil active • Foliar and soil active

15. Foliar Absorption

16. Foliar Absorption

17. Mode of Entry Soil active – absorbed by roots • Herbicides applied to soil surface move within top 1 to 4 inches • Herbicides must move in the soil solution, so require soil water to be activated in soil • May require greater concentrations than foliar applied herbicides because of the great volume of soil • Individual products affinity to adsorb to soil plays a role • Soil structure is important, texture, organic content, etc

18. TranslocationMovement of herbicides from point of entry to the site of action in the plant

19. Phloem Xylem Translocation • Phloem - living tissue that transports sugars from the site of synthesis or storage to the site of use. • Xylem - nonliving tissue in a plant that transports water and mineral nutrients from the roots to the shoots.

20. Contact herbicides do not move in plant Phloem mobile (Symplastic) herbicides move upward (acropetal) and downward (basipetal) in the plant Xylem mobile (Apoplastic) herbicides move up in the plant Systemic herbicides move (translocated)

21. Site-of-ActionLocation in plant where herbicide exerts toxicity at the cellular level

22. Photosynthesis Fatty acid synthesis Cell division Amino acid and protein synthesis Growth regulation

23. Mechanism of ActionSpecific biochemical or biophysical process in plant that is inhibited by the herbicide

24. Herbicides Classified by Their Mechanism of Action • Photosynthesis • Amino acid and protein synthesis • Cell division • Cell membranes • Pigment synthesis • Growth regulation • Growth inhibition • Fatty acid synthesis

25. Mechanisms of Action 1. Acute toxicity – rapid kill of plant tissue by causing cell rupture, not translocated, non-systemic, contact herbicides (e.g., such as paraquat, diquat, sulfuric acid, and petroleum oils) 2. Chronic toxicity – kills slowly through chronic toxicity, systemic 3. Hormone or growth regulation - disruption of transport systems and interference with nucleic acid metabolism, systemic, affects broadleaves and not grasses (e.g., 2,4-D, triclopyr, picloram, dicamba) 4. Disrupt cell division – inhibits mitosis (e.g., asulam, trifluralin)

26. Mechanisms of Action 5. Inhibit pigment synthesis – disrupts formation of carotinoids and chlorophyll (e.g., oxyflorfen) 6. Inhibit photosynthesis and ATP formation – disrupts electron transport system (e.g., triazines) 7. Inhibit formation of lipid or wax – alters fatty acids and disrupts chloroplasts and mitochondria (e.g., fluazifop, sethoxydim) 8. Inhibit synthesis of amino acids – disrupts acetolactate synthase and production of branched-chain amino acids (e.g, imazapyr, sulfonylureas) or shikimic acid pathway (not found in animals) and production of aromatic amino acids (e.g., glyphosate)

28. Mechanisms of Action • Why do we need to know Mechanism of Action • Herbicide Resistance • Multiple Modes reduce chance of building population of resistant plants • Tank mixes • Broadens spectrum of control

29. Chemical Properties • Soil Persistence • Half life varies by product and impacted by many factors i.e. soil pH, moisture, temperature, organic content, microbial activity • Mobility • How readily a compound moves from one ecosystem compartment to another • Factors influencing mobility • Adsorption to soil particles • Surface runoff • Uptake by plants and animals • Leaching • Volatilization

30. How long a chemical remains intact in the environment. Measured by half-life or time required for one half of an initial amount to be degraded. Herbicides must be persistent in the environment long enough to be absorbed and translocated by plants. Soil-active herbicides need to be more persistent than foliar-active herbicides. The more persistent a chemical is, the more likely it is to move off site and cause a problem. Herbicides registered for ROW and forestry have short to moderate persistence. Persistence

31. Half-life of Common Herbicides

32. Water Solubility and Mobility of Common Herbicides

33. Application Methods • High Volume Foliar (Typically > 25 gals/acre) • Most effective when target species densities are high • Allows for canopy penetration • Foliar and soil active products • Run off reaches soil surface • Low Volume Foliar (Typically < 25 gals per acre) • Effective for lower density target species • Use a good surfactant • Some products work well with low volume applications • Rodeo works well with low volumes • Coverage of the growing points on plant • Less run off to soil • Useful when desirable/sensitive plants below canopy

34. Application Methods • Cut Stubble • Soil active products • Tordon, Arsenal, Stalker, etc • Absorbed thru root system • Must move into root zone • Unfrozen soil • Timing can be anytime soil is not frozen • Cut Stump/Basal • Typically oil based carrier • Oil needed to penetrate bark • Fresh cut stump can use water based

35. Timing • Brush Control • Woody perennials • Foliar • At least one growing season on regrowth • Critical with root suckering species like Aspen • Actively growing • Plants not under stress

36. Timing • Weed Control • Know each target species • Annuals • Early in plant life cycle • Prevent seed production/release • Chemical and/or mechanical • Biennials • Year one: thru out year • Year two: early in season, prevent seed production • Will die in year two • Perennials • Combo of chemical and mechanical often most effective • Need to control root system

37. Use Rates • Label Recommendations • Label use rates tend to be broad • Label covers entire U.S. • Use past experience as a guide to local rates • Review past treatments to evaluate use rates • Low end rates will produce less consistent results • Higher rates help make up for inconsistencies in site and climatic conditions • Don’t overlook the value of adjuvants

38. Mechanism of Action Discussed Earlier Multiple Mechanisms of action Especially on tough to control species Weed Tolerance Rotate Treatments Target Species Mix Use more than one product to broaden spectrum Ex: Milestone plus Escort (Opensight) Desired Future Condition Extended control vs short term control Ex: Rodeo and Oust XP Oust XP extends herbaceous control Tank Mixes

39. Conclusion • Have a Plan • No “One Best” Treatment • Choose the right tool or combination of tools/timing • Make decisions site by site • Know your Site • Know the Tools • Know the Plants

40. Questions??? Thank you!!! Dale Sutherland CPS Timberland 218-259-3605