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Understanding Genetic Information: DNA vs. RNA Comparison

Explore the storage of genetic information in DNA, its structure, functions, and comparison with RNA. Learn about nucleotides, sugar types, base pairing rules, and the roles of various RNA types in genetic processes.

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Understanding Genetic Information: DNA vs. RNA Comparison

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  1. Quick Review • What is genetic information stored as? • What organelle is this information found in?

  2. First Model of DNA • 1953: James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins examined an amazing photograph made by Rosalind Franklin using a technique she developed called X-ray crystallography  • With what they had discovered about the composition of DNA and Franklin's photographs, Watson & Crick developed and proposed the first model for the structure of DNA

  3. Watson and Crick Model • consisted of two nucleotide chains that wrap around each other to form a double spiral. • This shape is called a double helix.

  4. DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Genetic code of life Located inside the nucleus NEVER leaves the nucleus Double Stranded Shape of DNA is a double helix Made of nucleotides

  5. Primary functions of DNA: • Store and Transmit genetic information • Direct its synthesis/replication • Code for protein synthesis

  6. So, what is RNA? • RiboNucleic Acid • Copy of a gene in DNA • Responsible for delivering genetic information from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm • Located outside the nucleus • Responsible for completion of the process of protein synthesis • Single stranded • 3 Types of RNA: Messenger, Transfer, Ribosomal • Made of nucleotides

  7. DNA and RNA

  8. Nucleotides • Monomers that make up DNA & RNA

  9. Each nucleotide is composed of: • A sugar, • A nitrogen base • A phosphate group:

  10. Sugar • Deoxyribose - a 5-carbon sugar in DNA • Ribose - a 5-carbon sugar in RNA. • This sugar has more oxygen than the sugar in DNA. Notice: Oxygen placement DEoxy (de means to remove. DNA has an Oxygen removed!!!

  11. Nitrogen Base Purines • have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. • Adenine & Guanine Pyrimidines • have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. • Thymine & Cytosine (in DNA) • Uracil & Cytosine ( in RNA)

  12. Phosphate Group • -PO4

  13. The phosphate group is attached to the sugar, and the sugar is attached to the nitrogen base 

  14. RNA – single stranded DNA – double stranded

  15. Two nucleotides pair to form one of the "rungs" of the ladder in a DNA double helix.

  16. The sugar and phosphate groups form the "backbone" or outer support of the DNA ladder-like double helix. Sugar phosphate backbone

  17. Base Pairing Rules These rules describe the behavior of the bases. • Cytosine always bonds with guanine by forming three hydrogen bonds. (C - G) • Adenine always bonds with thymine by forming two hydrogen bonds. (A - T) In the RNA nucleotide, thymine is replaced by Uracil (A – U). • A pair of bases that always bond together is known as a complementary base pair.

  18. 3 Basic Types of RNA • Messenger RNA – mRNA • Transfer RNA – tRNA • Ribosomal RNA - rRNA

  19. Messenger RNAmRNA • carries genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm

  20. Transfer RNAtRNA • carries amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes

  21. Ribosomal RNArRNA • consists of RNA nucleotides in globular form

  22. Celebration of Learning Moment! You are to create a comparison between RNA and DNA. Be sure to include: • Type of Sugar • Type of nucleotides • Strand type

  23. DNA & RNA Comparison

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