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This exploration highlights the ongoing struggle for women's rights across various nations, from African self-help groups to Chile's fight against dictatorship. It delves into global religious fundamentalism, the impact of poverty, and the rise of environmental awareness. Important movements such as Liberation Theology in Latin America and the Chipko Movement in India showcase the convergence of social action and ecological protection. The need for sustainable practices versus economic growth poses a modern challenge that requires urgent attention from global leaders and communities.
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Challenge: Gaining Rights and Equality for Women • In Africa, small self-help associations developed among women • In Chile, the fight for women’s rights was part of a movement against the dictatorship of Pinochet • In South Korea, it was part of a democracy movement
But at the Beijing Conference in 1995, divisions emerged over inheritance • Some wanted equal inheritance for daughters and sons • But under Islamic law, sons receive twice the amount
And a Global Backlash • Some felt feminism challenged traditional values
Challenge: Modernity’s Challenge to the World’s Religions • Fundamentalism • A militant piety in every major religious tradition • Term derived from U.S.A. where religious conservatives were outraged by challenges to Bible • Called for a return to the fundamentals of the faith
Hindu Fundamentalism • Hindu nationalism • A politicization of religion • In increasingly popular Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), • Muslims were viewed as outsiders
Islamic Fundamentalism • Against Western cultural intrusion • Qu’ran and Sharia to provide guidance • Jihad or struggle to please God
The Leading Figures of Islamic Fundamentalism • Mawlana Mawdudi from India • Sayyid Qutb from Egypt
In Sudan, adopted Quranic punishments • Egyptian Islamic Jihad assassinated Sadat
In Iran (1979) and Afghanistan (1996), Islamic movements came to power
Challenge: Confronting Poverty and Inequality through Religion • Liberation Theology • a) A Christian social action movement in Latin America • “Socially Engaged Buddhism” in Asia
Challenge: Protecting the Environment • Impact of Human Population • a) Quadrupling of world population in single century • b) Impact of fossil fuels • 1. Global warming • 2. Diminished habitats
The Romantic Poets • Environmentalism began in nineteenth century with the Romantic poets • a) Denounced Industrial Revolution
Second-Wave of Environmentalism • Began with Rachel Carson’s book – “Silent Spring” in 1962 • a) Described the dangers of chemical pesticides on the environment and humans
Green Party • German environmental movement that entered political arena • a) Opposition to nuclear power
Chikpo Movement in India • “Tree-hugging” movement • In the 1970s, an organized resistance to the destruction of forests spread throughout India and came to be known as the Chipko movement • The name of the movement came from the word “embrace”, as the villagers hugged trees, and prevented contractors’from felling them
The North/South Divide • Global South felt environmental initiatives would curtail needed industrial development • a) U.S. refusal to sign Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions
A Challenge to Modernity • Need for sustainability as opposed to endless growth
