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Chapter 9: Overview of Energy

Chapter 9: Overview of Energy. Respiration vs Breathing. Photosynthesis : (Net Reaction ). Respiration : ( Net Reaction) AEROBIC CONDITIONS ( O 2 needed) In both reactions, there is a HYDROGEN and CARBON pathway

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Chapter 9: Overview of Energy

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  1. Chapter 9: Overview of Energy

  2. Respiration vsBreathing

  3. Photosynthesis: (Net Reaction)

  4. Respiration: (Net Reaction) AEROBIC CONDITIONS (O2 needed) • In both reactions, there is a HYDROGEN and CARBON pathway • Photosynthesis-- Joins the hydrogen and oxygen pathway to form glucose • Respiration-- Separates these 2 pathways forming H2O and CO2

  5. Chapter 9: Cell Respiration Notes

  6. Aerobic Cell Respiration • Complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule • Includes 4 major sets of reactions NOTE:Parts 2, 3, 4 occur in mitochondria ofaerobic cells only Part 4 occurs simultaneously with Parts 1, 2, 3 in aerobic cells

  7. Aerobic Cell Respiration

  8. Review of Electron Carriers a. NAD + 2H + 2e- NADH + H+ b. FAD + 2H + 2e- FADH2 Bring e- to ETC of inner mitochodrial membrane

  9. Fermentation • Aka Anaerobic Respiration • Catabolic process that partially breaks down sugars without the use of oxygen • Function of fermentation is to make ATP

  10. Alcoholic Fermentation PGAL Pyruvic acid PGAL Pyruvic acid

  11. Fermentation cont. Fermentation Via:

  12. Alcoholic Fermentation Glycolysis followed by: pyruvic acid + NADH  2 alcohol + 2 CO2 + NAD+ Pyruvic Acids (Alcohol)

  13. Lactic Acid Fermentation Glycolysis followed by: pyruvic acid + NADH  2 lactic acid + NAD+ Pyruvic Acids (Lactic Acid)

  14. Glycolysis • Splitting of 1 glucose molecule into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid • Can occur aerobically or anaerobically

  15. Glucose ATP made by process called SUBSTRATE- LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION: transfer of phosphate group from a substrate (reactant) molecule to ADP ATP PGAL Pyruvic Acid

  16. Glycolysis

  17. After Glycolysis

  18. Respiration (4 Major Reactions) • Glycolysis (in cytoplasm) • Splitting of 1 molecule of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvicacid • Can occur in aerobic or anaerobic conditions

  19. Glucose PGAL Pyruvic Acid

  20. Respiration (4 Major Reactions) cont. 2) Pyruvic Acid Oxidation: Aerobic (in matrix)

  21. The Oxidation of Pyruvate to form Acetyl CoA for Entry Into the Krebs Cycle

  22. Kreb’s Cycle Pyruvic Acid Oxidation

  23. Respiration (4 Major Reactions) cont. 3) Kreb’sCycle/ Citric Aid Cycle (in matrix)

  24. Kreb’s Cycle Pyruvic Acid Oxidation

  25. Citric Acid Oxaloacetic Acid

  26. Citric Acid Cycle (x2) ETC

  27. Respiration (4 Major Reactions) cont.

  28. Oxidative Phosphorylation High [H+] Low pH Low [H+] High pH

  29. Chapter 9: Methods of ATP Synthesis Notes

  30. 3 Methods of ATP Synthesis • Photosynthetic Phosphorylation • Process of making ATP (~P) with light energy using electrons from hydrogen and chlorophyll • Occurs during PSII • On thylakoid membranes- in grana within chloroplast • Need enzyme (ATP synthetase & proton pumps)- chemiosmosis • Has ETC-- Electron Transport Chain-- PSII and PSI

  31. Photosynthetic Phosphorylation 4e- 4e- 4e- 4H+

  32. Photosynthetic Phosphorylation

  33. 3 Methods of ATP Synthesis cont. 2) Substrate Phosphorylation • Process of making ATP by rearrangement of bonds of substrates during glycolysis or Krebs Cycle (No energy added!) • Glycolysis (in cytoplasm) • Occurs in aerobic and anaerobic conditions • No enzyme (ATP synthetase & proton pump) • No ETC-- no H2O made

  34. a. Glycolysis (in cytoplasm) cont.

  35. 3 Methods of ATP Synthesis cont. • Krebs Cycle(in mitochondrion) • Occurs only under aerobic conditions • No enzyme (ATP synthetase & proton pump) • No ETC-- no H2O made

  36. 3 Methods of ATP Synthesis cont. 3) Oxidative Phosphorylation • Process of making ATP (~) from energy released from hydrogen electrons (e-) as they are carried to O2 by coenzymes via the ETC or respiratory chain • Occurs only under aerobic conditions • Occurs only inside mitochondria (on cristae membranes)

  37. Oxidative Phosphorylation cont. • Needs enzyme (ATP synthetase + proton pump + ATP transport protein) • Needs ETC or respiratory chain • Final electron/ hydrogen acceptor is oxygen • H2O is made

  38. Oxidative Phosphorylation

  39. Oxidative Phosphorylation

  40. Conversions: • NADH (produced in the cytoplasm) produces 2 ATP by the ETC b. NADH (produced in the mitochondria) produces 3 ATP by the ETC c. FADH2 (adds its electrons to the ETC at a lower level than NADH) so it produces 2 ATP

  41. Net Energy Production from Aerobic Respiration 1. Glycolysis: 2 ATP 2. Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP 3. Electron Transport Phosphorylation: 32 ATP a. Glycolysis: net gain/ 2 NADH (x 2) = 4 ATP b. Pyruvate Acetyl CoA: 2 NADH (x 3) = 6 ATP c. Krebs Cycle: 6 NADH (x 3) = 18 ATP 2 FADH2 (x 2) = 4 ATP GRAND TOTAL: 36 ATP!!!

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