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Overview of International Organizations and Their Global Impact

This document provides a concise overview of key international organizations, such as the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU), along with their roles in global governance. It explores organizational structures like the Security Council, International Court of Justice, IMF, World Bank, and WTO, highlighting functions like peaceful dispute settlement and economic cooperation. Important resolutions regarding China’s representation and the status of international treaties are discussed, alongside significant principles of environmental protection and humanitarian law relevant to global cooperation and conflict management.

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Overview of International Organizations and Their Global Impact

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  1. International Organizations 國際組織 • European Union (p. 863) • NGO; INGO (UNESCO) • League of Nations • Untied Nations • Membership: 192 • Holy See: observer • Representation of China: Resolution 2758

  2. China’s representation (p. 889) • Important question (2/3) • 2008/3:入聯暨返聯公投 • PLO: observer, UN General Assembly • Security Council (p. 913): 15 • 5: permanent • Double veto

  3. UN Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC (p. 927) • International Labour Organization, ILO • Bretton Woods system (New Hampshire, US) • International Monetary Organization, IMF • International Bank of Reconstruction and Development, World Bank • International Trade Organization, ITO (not established)

  4. IMF (p. 939) • Weighted voting • Special Drawing Rights, SDR • World Bank • International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes, ICSID • ITO – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade • Art. I: Most Favoured Nations – MFN • Art. II: Tariffs • Bound rate; applied rate • Art. III: National Treatment • Art. XX: exceptions • Art. XXII, XXII: dispute settlement

  5. World Trade Organization, WTO • GATT: contracting parties; WTO: members (states & separate customs territory) • WTO Agreement (single undertaking) • Annex I • A: GATT • B: GATS • C: TRIPS • Annex II: Dispute Settlement Understanding, DSU (compulsory jurisdiction) • Annex III: Trade Policy Review Mechanism, TPRM • Annex IV: • Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft • Agreement on Government Procurement, GPA (Taiwan, 2008)

  6. WTO Structure • Ministerial Conference • General Council • Dispute Settlement Body • Panel, 3 panelists (Legal Affairs Division; Rules Division) • Appellate Body, AB, 7 Members (Appellate Body Secretariat) • Trade Policy Review Body • WTO Secretariat • Director-General, DG

  7. Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes 國際爭端的和平解決 • Legal & Political disputes • Arbitration (p. 982) • Jay Treaty • Permanent Court of Arbitration, PCA • Permanent Court of International Justice, PCIJ • International Court of Justice, ICJ • “principle judicial organ of the United Nations” (p. 1001)

  8. Non-UN member & ICJ (p. 1005) • Statute of the International Court of Justice • Security Council – General Assembly • ICJ Litigation • “State” + “declaration” with the ICJ • Jurisdiction • Specific Case • Agreement • Clause of treaty/contention • Forum prorogatum

  9. All cases • Compulsory jurisdiction/ optional clause • Limited by reservation • Cases • “dispute” (p. 1016) • Exhaustion of local remedies • “Provisional measures” (Art. 41 of the ICJ Statute) • Advisory opinion (p. 1028)

  10. Georgia v. Russia • South Ossetia & Abkhazia • International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, CERD • Art. 41 of the ICJ Statute • ICJ Jurisdiction: Art. 22 of the CERD • Parties • Territorial application • Interpretation • Procedural Condition: “not settled by negotiation” • Art. 41 • “Irreparable prejudice” • “Binding effect”

  11. International Environmental Protection 國際環境保護 • Principles • Good neighborhood • The Trail Smelter Case • Precautionary Principle • The Polluter-pays Principle • Sustainable Development • Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility

  12. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) • Kyoto Protocol (p. 1054) • Emission trade • Clean development mechanism • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, CITES • Convention on Biological Diversity

  13. Armed Conflicts and International Humanitarian Law 武裝衝突與國際人道法 • Four Geneva Conventions (p. 1069) • Two Protocols • Neutrality v. Neutralization (p. 1083) • Nuclear Weapons • Prisoners of War, POW

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