Group Three Members: Linda 孫淑玲 592202403 Annabelle 莊芷瑋 592202532 Kate 鄭巧雯 592202386

1. Group Three Members: Linda 孫淑玲 592202403 Annabelle 莊芷瑋592202532 Kate鄭巧雯592202386 Joanna陳立臻592202324 Angela王慧琳592202465 Joyce沈佳儀 592202544 Claire陳虹伃592202128

2. Feature Changing Rules Phonological rules that change feature values of segments,either to make them more similar ( CF. assimilation rules) or less similar (CF. Dissimilation rules) For example, a rule that would make a [b] become an [m] is a feature-changing rule because it makes a [-nasal] consonant become [+nasal] There is a nasal assimilation rule in Akan that nasalizes voiced stops when they follow nasal consonants, as shown in the following example: The /b/ of the verb “come” becomes an [m] when it follows the negative morpheme /m/ Because of this feature-changing rule in Akan, the phone [m] is an allophone of /b/ as well as an allophone of /m/ in that language.

3. The more general point that this example illustrates is the following: There is no one-to-one relationship between phonemes and their allophones. This fact can be illustrated in another way: Akan Phonemes /b/ /m/ Akan Phones [b] [m] But this fact does not mean that all these rules occur in all languages. They are not universal. At least, it does not occur in the grammar of English. For example, the word “amber” shown an [m] followed by a [b]. It not pronounced “ammer”

4. Flap Rule: A consonant sound formed by making a quick tap with the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth. In American English, the tin the wordbetteris usually pronounced with a flap. For example: