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Exploring Neandertal and Early H. sapiens Cultures: Tools, Art, and Burial Practices

This overview delves into the cultural practices of Neandertals and early Homo sapiens, highlighting their homesites, burial rituals, and artistic expressions. Neandertals constructed shelters in both caves and open sites, with evidence of purposeful burials suggesting a potential for ritualistic behavior. The Mousterian tool tradition showcases their advanced craftsmanship. In contrast, early H. sapiens engaged in cave paintings primarily depicting animals for hunting, alongside intricate art forms like beads and figurines, reflecting complex social and cultural practices.

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Exploring Neandertal and Early H. sapiens Cultures: Tools, Art, and Burial Practices

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  1. Neandertal Culture • Homesites – In caves, also in the open (near rivers, framed with wood and covered with skins) • Burial – Is there evidence of purposeful burial and ritual? • Language – Could Neandertals talk or not? • Tools – Mousterian tradition Top: Reconstruction of Neandertal burial from Shanidar cave Bottom: Mousterian tools

  2. Bone Point from Congo(82,000-174,000 years)

  3. Engraved Red Ochre from Blombos Cave, South Africa(~77,000 years)

  4. Paintings From Le Chauvet Cave

  5. Archaic H. sapiens Culture • Cave paintings • Mostly animals on bare walls • Subjects were animals favored for their meat and skins • Human figures were rarely drawn due to taboos and fears that it would somehow harm others Cave paintings from 20,000 years ago at Vallon-Pont-d’Arc in southern France (left) and from Lascaux, in southwest France

  6. Archaic H. sapiens Culture • Art • Traces of art found in beads, carvings, and paintings • Cave paintings in Spain and southern France showed a marked degree of skill • Female figurines • 27,000 to 22,000 years B.P. • Called “venuses,” these figurines depicted women with large breasts and broad hips • Perhaps it was an example of an ideal type, or perhaps an expression of a desire for fertility

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