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THE ROAD TO COMMUNISM IN CHINA

THE ROAD TO COMMUNISM IN CHINA. The Opium War. 1773 Britain brought Indian opium to China Millions addicted and Chinese silver depleted to pay for the opium. 1838 – Manchu Chinese ban it and seize British opium in Guangzhou (Canton).

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THE ROAD TO COMMUNISM IN CHINA

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  1. THE ROAD TO COMMUNISM IN CHINA

  2. The Opium War • 1773 Britain brought Indian opium to China • Millions addicted and Chinese silver depleted to pay for the opium. • 1838 – Manchu Chinese ban it and seize British opium in Guangzhou (Canton). • 1839-1842 Opium War humiliates China, demonstrating superiority of Western military technology. • Treaty of Nanjing (1842). First of many “unequal treaties with European nations and Japan. • Britain claims Hong Kong island as a colony • Five other Chinese port cities are opened to British trade and residence • British have “most favored nation” status • British subjects have right of “extraterritoriality”; can be tried for crimes only in British courts.

  3. The Treaty System • large amount of indemnity • dozens of treaty ports opened to foreign trade • gunboats • Missionaries • Warehouses • Foreign influence in port cities • territorial losses • tariffs

  4. is cooll

  5. Peasant anger against Manchu • "Each year they [the Manchus] transform tens of millions of China's gold and silver into opium and extract several millions from the fat and marrow of the Chinese people and turn it into rouge and powder ... How could the rich not become poor? How could the poor abide by the law?” • Michael, Franz. The Taiping Rebellion, page 23. Qing 1644-1910

  6. Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 • A village schoolmaster, Hong Xiuquan, recruits one million rebels and nearly overthrows the Qing government before rebellion is crushed. Taiping capital in Nanjing. • mixed elements of Christianity and traditional Chinese religion, along with ideas of his own (brother of Jesus). • He believed in communal property, and the equality of men and women • 20-30 million dead Qing 1644-1910

  7. Taiping and Communism • Although pre-Communism the Taiping Rebellion foreshadowed it in several ways • Land was evenly distributed. • Outlawed all of the following: Slavery, Sale of women, foot-binding, prostitution, arranged marriages and polygamy. • The Taipings were also against use of opium, alcohol, and tobacco. • Over time, Taiping leaders began to violate most of these rules (especially alcohol and women) and their movement began to lose its loyal followers • Qing govt with help from western powers ended the Taiping movement to take over China Qing 1644-1910

  8. By 1900 – Spheres of Influence • China was controlled by Europeans economically • Lots of trade between Europe and China • Balance of trade favored Europe • China lost silver as they paid out to Europe • Created discord and frustration in the Qing government

  9. Weakness fully exposed • Sino-Japanese War of 1894 - 1895 • Chinese navy destroyed • Taiwan ceded to Japan • large indemnity • most-favored-nation • more treaty ports • Korea formally independent but with Japanese influence • start of Japanese empire

  10. The scramble for concessions

  11. The scramble for answers • radicalization of domestic politics • the “Hundred Days of Reform” in 1898 • ambitious reform program • examination system • bureaucracy • modernization • suppressed by conservatives in Qing court • reformist leaders fled to Japan

  12. The Boxer Uprising in 1900 • Peasants in cities of Northern China • Name actually translates to “Society of Harmonious Fists” • support from high officials of Qing court • destruction of anything foreign • siege of the foreign quarter in Beijing

  13. 8-nation force invades China • station troops permanently in Beijing • European powers demand payment for the cost of stopping the Boxers • Russian troops remain in Manchuria until Russian defeat in Russo-Japanese War

  14. Fall of the Qing Dynasty • A revolution in 1911 forces the Emperor (Puyi, a child) to abdicate • Dr. Sun Yatsen (1866-1925) becomes first President of the Chinese Republic in 1912 • The warlords take over as provincial rulers and the central government is weak. • The May Fourth movement aims at ridding China of foreign influence. Qing 1644-1910

  15. Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866 – 1925) (Dr. Sun Yat-sen)

  16. Chinese Warlords, 1920s Yuan Shi-kai

  17. China in 1924

  18. Mao and the Communist party • Mao Tse Tung (1893-1976) Revolutionary leader and “poet” • Founder and leader of the Peoples Republic of China. • Born in Southern China of peasant origin • Joined the revolutionary army when the Manchu dynasty was overthrown 1911 • Advocated womens right and attacked aranged marriage • Joined a marxist studygroup at Peking university 1919 • Participated in the may 4th demonstrations 1919

  19. Mao Zedong As a Young Revolutionary (Mao Tse-tung)

  20. Mao With His Children, 1930s

  21. Jiang Jieshi Becomes President of Nationalist China, 1928 (Chiang Kai-shek)

  22. Origins of Chinese Civil war • Nationalists turned on the Communists and massacred them in Shanghai • Resulted in split of the Nationalist party • Renewed civil war against the Communists • Communists in city virtually destroyed • Mao flees to countryside in Jinggangshan

  23. The Long March 1934

  24. The Long March • Heroic myth • Of 100.000 communists 20.000 survived • Maos policy survived and became the model for future China • The LM provided the future leadership of Peoples Republic of China • From the new base Communist would conquer China

  25. The Long March

  26. Survivors of the March

  27. Japan Invades China 1937

  28. Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai.

  29. Japanese Soldiers March into NankingDecember 9, 1937

  30. The Japanese Invasion, 1937

  31. Remains of Chinese Children Bayonetedby Japanese Soldiers

  32. Japanese Bayonet Practice

  33. Beheadings Took Place in Public!

  34. Chinese Prisoners Were Often Beheaded & Displayed

  35. UNIT 731: Bio-Chemical Warfare

  36. UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections

  37. The Communist Revolution: 1946 - 1949

  38. The Peoples’ Liberation Army, 1949

  39. The Communist Victory

  40. Taiwan: The Republic of China

  41. Jiang Jieshu (1887-1975) (Chiang Kai-shek)

  42. Madame Jiang Jieshu

  43. The People’s Republic of China

  44. Reasons for the Communists’ Success • Mao won support of peasants – land • Mao won support of women • Mao’s army used guerilla war tactics • Many saw the Nationalist government as corrupt • Many felt that the Nationalists allowed foreigners to dominate China.

  45. The Great Leap Forward (or Backward?) 1958-1961

  46. Great Leap Forward, 1958 • 5 year plan to increase agriculture and industry • Communes • Groups of people who live and work together • Property held in common • Had production quotas • Failed due to poor quality of products, poor weather hurt agriculture

  47. Communist China Under Mao • Industrialized China • Increased literacy • Class privileges ended • Rural Chinese received health care • One-party dictatorship • Denied people basic rights and freedoms --> Inner Mongolia, Tibet

  48. Mao, Panchen Lama, Dalai Lama in Beijing, 1954 • Tibet --> an autonomous area. • Dalai Lama fled in the late 1950s to India.

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