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THE NEW PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN

THE NEW PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN. The 37 th Annual Summer Institute on Substance Abuse and Mental Health Newark, Delaware July 31 & August 1, 2008 Gary R. Brooks, PhD. THE “CRISIS” OF MASCULINITY - THE DARK SIDE OF MASCULINITY. Violence Rape and Sexual Assault Sexual Harassment

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THE NEW PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN

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  1. THE NEW PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN The 37th Annual Summer Institute on Substance Abuse and Mental Health Newark, Delaware July 31 & August 1, 2008 Gary R. Brooks, PhD

  2. THE “CRISIS” OF MASCULINITY - THE DARK SIDE OF MASCULINITY • Violence • Rape and Sexual Assault • Sexual Harassment • Male Sexual Misconduct as Group Norm • Substance Abuse • High-Risk Behavior • Absent Fathering • Homelessness and Vagrancy • Inadequate Partnering

  3. CHALLENGES OF MODERN MASCULINITY • Post-War cultural shifts & Changes in the Workplace • Social Movements of the 1960s • The Women’s Movement

  4. THE MEN’S MOVEMENTS • MYTHOPOETIC & SPIRITUAL MEN’S MOVEMENTS • REACTIONARY MEN & MEN’S RIGHTS • SOCIAL CONSERVATIVES • PROFEMINIST MEN

  5. MEN’S STUDIES EPISTEMOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY • ESSENTIALISM • a) EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY • b) BRAIN WIRING • c) MOTHER NATURE • SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM & GENDER ROLE STRAIN PARADIGM

  6. THE TRADITIONAL MALE ROLE • DAVID & BRANNON (1976) • “NO SISSY STUFF” • “THE STURDY OAK” • “GIVE ‘EM HELL” • “THE BIG WHEEL

  7. THE MASCULINE MYSTIQUE – JIM O’NEIL • Restrictive emotionality • Health care problems • Obsession with achievement and success • Restricted sexual and affectionate behavior • Socialized concerns for power, competition and control • Homophobia

  8. “ELEMENTS OF THE MALE ROLE”DOYLE • Anti-feminine element • Success element • Aggressive element • Sexual element • Self-reliant element

  9. MAJOR THEMES IN MEN’S LIVES-BROOKS • Men and Their Work • Violence • Men with Women • Men With Men • Men and Fathering • Men and Their Health

  10. Winning Emotional control Risk-taking Violence Power over women Dominance . Playboy Self-Reliance Primacy of work Disdain for homosexuality Pursuit of Status CONFORMITY TO MALE NORMS INVENTORY - MAHALIK

  11. Avoidance of femininity Fear and hatred of homosexuality Extreme self-reliance Aggression Dominance Non-Relational Sexuality Restrictive Emotionality MALE ROLE NORMS INVENTORY - LEVANT

  12. GENDER ROLE STRAIN – IMPACT ON MEN’S LIVES • CORRUPTED BOYHOOD • MEN’S HEALTH • WORK • FATHERHOOD • REALTIONSHIPS WITH WOMEN • MALE FRIENDSHIPS & HOMOPHOBIA

  13. BOYS TO MEN -TRAUMATIC PROCESSES IN MALE SOCIALIZATION • Masculinity "rites of passage" (Gilmore, 1990) • Developmental research re male role latitude • “Loss of the relational” (Real, 1997) • “Normative Alexithymia” (Levant, 2005) • Male “emotional funnel system” (Long, 1987) • Male “empathy deficits” (Lisak, 2005)

  14. WHY TRADITIONAL MEN HATE COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY • Stereotypes of Psychotherapy • Social Construction of Masculinity • Political Power and Triangulations • The Way Therapists have Treated Men

  15. “REAL MEN” - HIDE PRIVATE EXPERIENCE MAINTAIN CONTROL EXHIBIT EMOTIONAL STOICISM PRESENT SELF AS INVINCIBLE TAKE ACTION AVOID RELATIONSHIP CONFLICT KNOW WHAT TO DO SEXUALIZE INTIMACY “IDEAL” THERAPY CLIENTS - SELF-DISCLOSE RELINQUISH CONTROL EXPRESS FEELINGS EXPERIENCE VULNERABILITY INTROSPECT CONFRONT RELATIONSHIP ISSUES ADMIT IGNORANCE AND FAILURE MANAGE NON-SEXUAL INTIMACY MALE SOCIALIZATION AND PSYCHOTHERAPY

  16. MALE-FRIENDLY PSYCHOTHERAPY • INFORMED BY IN-DEPTH KNOWLEDGE OF MEN’S LIVES • ATTUNED TO POWER AND POLITICAL ISSUES • BROAD IN INTERVENTION MODALITIES • POSITIVE AND ENHANCING • TRANSTHEORETICAL • SENSITIVE TO DIVERSITIES AMONG MEN • DEMANDING OF THERAPIST SELF-AWARENESS

  17. BROADENING PARADIGMS FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS WITH MEN & BOYS • INTERVENTIONS OUTSIDE THE OFFICE • INTERVENTIONS FOR MALES “ON THE THRESHOLD” • INTERVENTIONS FOR MALES INSIDE THE OFFICE

  18. OUTSIDE THE OFFICE • PRIMARY PREVENTION FOR BOYS & MALE ADOLESCENTS • VIOLENCE PREVENTION PROGRAMS • PORNOGRAPHY, HEALTHY SEXUALITY, AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE AWARENESS • COMPETENCE & RESILIENCE

  19. OUTSIDE THE OFFICE • PRIMARY PREVENTION FOR MEN • MEN’S MOVEMENT ACTIVITIES • PSYCHOEDUCATION & PUBLIC AWARENESS • SITE-SPECIFIC CONSULTATIVE INTERVENTIONS • HEALTH CARE SETTINGS • BUSINESS & INDUSTRY • SPORTS & ATHLETIC SETTINGS • CHURCHES & RELIGIOUS SETTINGS • MILITARY & VA SETTINGS • REHABILITATION SETTINGS • PRISONS AND FORENSIC SETINGS

  20. MEN ON THE THRESHOLD OF THE THERAPY OFFICE • MALE-SPECIFIC DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT • MASCULINITY INVENTORIES • “MANHOOD” INTERVIEW • MOTIVATIONAL ASSESSMENT • “STAGE OF CHANGE” ISSUES • SOCIAL CONTEXT ANALYSIS • MOTIVATION MATRIX

  21. DEVELOPING THE THERAPEUTIC ALLIANCE • THERAPEUTIC ALLIANCE (BORDIN, 1994) • AGREEMENT ON GOALS • AGREEMENT ON TASKS • THERPEUTIC BOND & EMOTIONAL CONNECTION • EMPIRICALLY-VALIDATED TREATMENTS VERSUS THE THERAPEUTIC ALLIANCE • THE M.A.S.T.E.R.Y MODEL

  22. THE M.A.S.T.E.R.Y MODEL • “M” – Monitor Personal Reactions to Troubled Men • “A” - Assume Men are in Pain • “S” - See Men’s Problems in Gender Context • “T” – Transmit Empathy and Compassion • “E” – Empower Men to Change • “R&Y” - Respect Men’s Readiness to Change and Yield Somewhat to System Pressures

  23. WITHIN THE THERAPY OFFICEPSYCHODYNAMIC & OBJECT RELATIONS APPROACHES • DEVELOMENTAL TRAUMA AND CUT-OFF OF EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES • TRAUMATIC ABROGATION OF THE HOLDING ENVIRONMENT (POLLACK) • PROBLEMATIC MASCULINE-SPECIFIC SELF-STRUCTURES (Rabinowitz & Cochran) • RE-CREATION OF DISRUPTED ‘HOLDING ENVIRONMENT” • FOCUS ON ISSUES OF LOSS AND GRIEF • RESPECT NEED FOR ‘DEFENSIVE AUTONOMY”

  24. WITHIN THE THERAPY OFFICECOGNITIVE THERAPY (Mahalik, 2005) • SPECIAL ADVANTAGES FOR MEN • NOT ABOUT “FEELINGS’ • NON-BLAMING • RAPID EFFECTS • CONSCIOUSNESS-RAISING RE GENDER MANDATES • PROCESS – • ADDRESS UNREALISTIC MASCULINITY SCHEMAS • POINT OUT DESTRUCTIVE SELF-TALK

  25. WITHIN THE THERAPY OFFICEBEHAVIOR THERAPY • ADVANTAGES • TASK-FOCUSED • INSTRUMENTAL • MINIMAL DEMANDS FOR EMOTIONAL INSIGHT AND EXPRESSION • FACE VALIDITY • VARIANTS • ASSERTIVENESS TRAINING • ANGER MANAGEMENT TRAINING • EMOTIONAL SKILLS TRAINING • SELF CONTROL

  26. WITHIN THE THERAPY OFFICE -INTERPERSONAL THERAPY • ADVANTAGES • SHORT-TERM • PROBLEM-FOCUSED • ADRESSES RELATIONAL SHORTCOMINGS • BROADENS RELATIONAL REPERTOIRE

  27. WITHIN THE THERAPY OFFICE -HUMANISTIC, EXPERIENTIAL, EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOTHERAPY • CORRECT EXAGGERATED SENSE OF “CONDITIONAL WORTH” (KILMARTIN, 2007) • “DEEPENING” PSYCHOTEHRAPY THROUGH BODY-WORK AND GESTALT EXPERIETIAL EXERCISES (Rabinowitz & Cochran, 2002) • RECOGNITION OF MORTALITY AND IMPLICATIONS OF MALE ROLE CHOICES

  28. WITHIN THE THERAPY OFFICE – INTERVENTIONS FOR BOYS AND MALE ADOLESCENTS (KISELICA & ENGLAR-CARLSON, & HORNE, 2008) • DELIVERY OF SERVICES IN INFORMAL SETTINGS • CREATE A “WELCOMING SPACE” • FLEXIBILITY AND ADPATABILITY RE TIMES AND APPOINMENTS • HUMOR AND FUN • APPROPRIATE SELF-DISCLOSURE • ALL-MALE GROUPS

  29. THE ALL-MALE THERAPY GROUP • Men's Groups as Familiar Terrain – Confronting the Male chorus • Countering Men's Emotional Isolation from Other Men (“Altruism”) • Decentralizing Women in Men’s Lives • Enhancing Communication Skills • Discovering Emotional Interconnections (“universality”) • Instilling Hope and Initiating Mutual Empowerment

  30. TRADITIONAL MEN AND MARRIAGE (HISTORICAL, DEVELOPMENTAL, POLITICAL, AND GENDER SOCIALIZATION PERSPECTIVES ON MEN’S RELATIONSHIPS WITH WOMEN) • Male Early Development- Psychoanalytic Perspectives • Restrictive Early Socialization and Hypermasculinity • Adolescence and Sexuality • Misogyny in Patriarchal Culture • The Institution of Marriage • Men's Traditional Expectations of Marriage • The “Civilizing” Value of Marriage • Marital Services • Career and Symbolic Benefits • Emotional Benefits • Physical Benefits

  31. GENDER-SENSITIVE FAMILY THERAPY FOR MALES (BROOKS, 1992, 1998) • Concerted efforts to include a reluctant male family member • Help for males to articulate their perspectives • Overcome preoccupation with career goals and neglect of relational goals for males • Encouraging males to recognize vulnerabilities and prioritize self-care • Empowering male family members in nurturing and caretaking • Promoting connection and emotional intimacy among male family members • Encouraging role latitude for sons • Promoting new fatherhood roles • Conducting family of origin work to explore masculine family heritage.

  32. DIVERSITY AMONG MEN - COMMON ISSUES FOR MEN OF COLOR • IMPACT OF RACISM AND OPPRESSION • UNEMPLOYMENT • LIFE EXPECTANCY • INCARCERATION • SUBSTANCE ABUSE • DISTRUST OF MENTAL HEALTH ESTABLISHMENT (“HEALTHY PARANOIA”) • UNDERUTILIZATION OF MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES • RACIAL AND CULTURAL IDENTITY ISSUES • ETHNOCENTRIC MONOCULTURALISM

  33. MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE(SUE & SUE, 2008) • AWARENESS • KNOWLEDGE • SKILLS

  34. THERAPEUTIC “SKILL” ISSUES • LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION • HUMOR & TEASING • MALE FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENT • SELF-DISCLOSURE & ADVICE GIVING • MOTIVATIONAL ENHANCMENT • COPING WITH DEFENSIVENESS • USING TRIANGULATION • UTILIZATION OF THERAPIST GENDER

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