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InCrops Enterprise Hub

InCrops Enterprise Hub. Mark Coleman InCrops. InCrops Enterprise Hub. Non-food crops (and functional foods) Low-carbon technologies Sustainability East of England. Partners. InCrops. Clients. InCrops Client Sectors. Natural fibres in composites Natural fibres in construction

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InCrops Enterprise Hub

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  1. InCrops Enterprise Hub Mark Coleman InCrops

  2. InCrops Enterprise Hub • Non-food crops (and functional foods) • Low-carbon technologies • Sustainability • East of England

  3. Partners InCrops Clients

  4. InCrops Client Sectors Natural fibres in composites Natural fibres in construction Bioplastics Oleochemicals Personal care Functional foods Bioenergy Pharmaceuticals

  5. Biofuels: problems and solutions

  6. Biofuel • a fuel composed of or produced from biological raw materials (Merriam-Webster 3rd Unabridged Dictionary) • fuel derived immediately from living matter (Oxford English Dictionary) Biofuels: ancient and old Wood burning Early diesel engines ran on plant oils

  7. Modern biofuels Biodiesel neutralisation esterification Vegetable oil (rapeseed, soybean, jatropha) Biodiesel (ethyl esters of fatty acids) + glycerol base + ethanol Bioalcohols depolymerisation fermentation Carbohydrate (sucrose, starch, plant cell walls, etc) Mono- and disaccharides Alcohols Biogas acetogenesis methanogenesis Organic matter (manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, etc) Biogas (~60% CH4) Fatty acids, H2 and CH3COOH

  8. Current biofuel production Biofuel usage 2001 vs 2006 vs 2009 86% of biofuel is bioethanol Biofuels represent 0.9% of liquid fuel (by volume, 0.6% by distance travelled) Biofuels for Transport, Worldwatch Institute, 2007; F.O. Lichts, 2010

  9. Current ethanol production – by country Biofuels for Transport, Worldwatch Institute, 2007

  10. Current ethanol production – by country Ethanol production 2006 Currently feedstocks are either starch-rich (maize, wheat, cassava) or sugar-rich (sugar cane, sugar beet) Biofuels for Transport, Worldwatch Institute, 2007

  11. Current biodiesel production – by country Biofuels for Transport, Worldwatch Institute, 2007

  12. Current biodiesel production • European Biodiesel production accounts for 73% of the world total • Biodiesel makes up >70% of Europe’s total biofuel • Main European crops are rapeseed and sunflower • Main US crop is soybean Biofuels for Transport, Worldwatch Institute, 2007

  13. Problems with “first generation” biofuels • Food vs fuel: insufficient arable land to sustain both • ‘Field-to-wheel’ analysis: CO2 emissions are still high

  14. Energy Policy for Europe EU Energy Policy for Europe targets for 2020: 20% (by energy) of all energy will be from renewable sources 10% (by energy) of all transport will be biofuel

  15. How much land is required ? UK arable land use 2005 Set-aside capacity = 559,000 ha in 2005

  16. How much land is required ?

  17. How much land is required ? • Biodiesel in the UK • UK diesel market currently 17 million t/year • 10% (Energy Policy for Europe): 1.7 million t of biodiesel • 3 t seed required/t oil • Require at least 1.2 million ha. >20% of total UK arable land

  18. How much land is required ? Biofuels for Transport, Worldwatch Institute, 2007; OECD, 2006

  19. ‘Field-to-wheel’ analysis: net CO2 emissions of different biofuels CO2 CO2 Fuel

  20. ‘Field-to-wheel’ analysis: net CO2 emissions of different biofuels

  21. ‘Field-to-wheel’ analysis: net CO2 emissions of different biofuels

  22. Possible solutions: anaerobic digestion (AD) to produce biogas Biogas - gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Composition:

  23. Possible solutions: anaerobic digestion (AD) to produce biogas Biogas - gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Overview of production process: Simplified chemical equation: C6H12O6 → 3CO2 + 3CH4 Acidogenic bacteria carry out the initial stage: production of organic acids and CO2 and H2. Methanogenic bacteria convert the acids or CO2 and H2 to methane.

  24. Possible solutions: anaerobic digestion (AD) to produce biogas Almost any organic material can be broken down. Both single-stage and two-stage processes are used.

  25. Possible solution: biofuel from aquatic crops Input Wastewater Output Biodiesel from oil Algal biomass Output Bioalcohol from cell walls CO2 Input Input Sunlight

  26. InCrops project: Algal Innovation Centre InCrops project: Algal Innovation Centre AD CH4 Output Biodiesel from oil Algal biomass Output Bioalcohol from cell walls Digestate & CO2 Input Sunlight

  27. InCrops project: Algal Innovation Centre feasibility study Work Package 1: Revision tasks Assess stakeholders, potential sites for an Algal Innovation Centre in the region, review of literature of algal growth on diluted liquid digestate from AD, review of funding opportunities for establishing an innovation centre, review of case studies of other algal growth facilities and innovation centers Work Package 2: Preliminary algal growth trials at two sites Determination of growth of naturally occurring species vs fast-growing culture collection species Assessment of species suitability, summarized in a report Work Package 3: Building the case for funding an Algal Innovation Centre Determine benefits an Algal Innovation Centre would bring to the region, relationship with other algal projects in the UK and Europe, locations, initial steps need to be taken to establish a basic centre, required resources and financing Work Package 4: Integration of findings from WP 1, 2 and 3 in final report The report will close with clear recommendations as to site, scale and funding sources for the Centre. The report will provide a roadmap for implementation and future development EEDA funded Final reports: June 2010

  28. InCrops client support: duckweed and AD trials AD CH4 Biomass Output Bioalcohol from cell walls, starch Digestate Input Sunlight

  29. InCrops partner interactions: British Bioalcohols Group Cereal germplasm HOOCH Project: Production of Bioalcohols From Lignocellulosic Waste Materials Produced in the Agri-Food Chain Project Sponsors: Defra Renewable Materials LINK programme & HGCA Partners: IFR, UEA, JIC, Brunel, ThermoFisher, Adnams, Achor, HGCA, Vireol, GR Wright & Sons, Biocatalysts, Lotus, Renewables East Cereal Residues Solubilised Polymers Structural disassembly Structural disassembly Fermentable sugars Fermentation Bioalcohols

  30. InCrops partner interactions: British Bioalcohols Group Cereal germplasm Cereal Residues Solubilised Polymers Structural disassembly Structural disassembly Structural disassembly Fermentable sugars Fermentation Bioalcohols

  31. InCrops www.incropsproject.co.uk/

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