1 / 49

Resources

Resources. Chapter Presentation. Visual Concepts. Transparencies. Standardized Test Prep. Chapter 7. Cellular Respiration. Table of Contents. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Section 2 Aerobic Respiration. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation. Chapter 7. Objectives.

moses-cohen
Télécharger la présentation

Resources

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Resources Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

  2. Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration Table of Contents Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Section 2 Aerobic Respiration

  3. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Chapter 7 Objectives • Identifythe two major steps of cellular respiration. • Describethe major events in glycolysis. • Comparelactic acid fermentation with alcoholic fermentation. • Calculatethe efficiency of glycolysis.

  4. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Chapter 7 Harvesting Chemical Energy • Cellular respirationis the process by which cells break down organic compounds to produce ATP. • Both autotrophs and heterotrophs use cellular respiration to make CO2 and water from organic compounds and O2. • The products of cellular respiration are the reactants in photosynthesis; conversely, the products of photosynthesis are reactants in cellular respiration. • Cellular respiration can be divided into two stages: glycolysis and aerobic respiration.

  5. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Chapter 7 Photosynthesis-Cellular Respiration Cycle

  6. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration

  7. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Chapter 7 Glycolysis • Cellular respiration begins with glycolysis, which takes place in the cytosol of cells. • During glycolysis, one six-carbon glucose molecule is oxidized to form two three-carbon pyruvic acid molecules. • A net yield of two ATP molecules is produced for every molecule of glucose that undergoes glycolysis.

  8. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Chapter 7 Glycolysis

  9. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Chapter 7 Glycolysis

  10. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Chapter 7 Fermentation • If oxygen is not present, some cells can convert pyruvic acid into other compounds through additional biochemical pathways that occur in the cytosol. The combination of glycolysis and these additional pathways is fermentation. • Fermentation does not produce ATP, but it does regenerate NAD+, which allows for the continued production of ATP through glycolysis.

  11. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration Versus Fermentation

  12. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Chapter 7 Fermentation, continued • Lactic Acid Fermentation • In lactic acid fermentation, an enzyme converts pyruvic acid into another three-carbon compound, called lactic acid.

  13. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Chapter 7 Fermentation

  14. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Chapter 7 Fermentation, continued • Alcoholic Fermentation • Some plants and unicellular organisms, such as yeast, use a process called alcoholic fermentation to convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and CO2.

  15. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Chapter 7 Two Types of Fermentation

  16. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Chapter 7 Comparing Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

  17. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Chapter 7 Efficiency of Glycolysis • Through glycolysis, only about 2 percent of the energy available from the oxidation of glucose is captured as ATP. • Much of the energy originally contained in glucose is still held in pyruvic acid. • Glycolysis alone or as part of fermentation is not very efficient at transferring energy from glucose to ATP.

  18. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Chapter 7 Objectives • Relateaerobic respiration to the structure of a mitochondrion. • Summarize the events of the Krebs cycle. • Summarize the events of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. • Calculatethe efficiency of aerobic respiration. • Contrast the roles of glycolysis and aerobic respiration in cellular respiration.

  19. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Chapter 7 Overview of Aerobic Respiration • In eukaryotic cells, the processes of aerobic respiration occur in the mitochondria. Aerobic respiration only occurs if oxygen is present in the cell. • The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. The electron transport chain (which is associated with chemiosmosis) is located in the inner membrane.

  20. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Chapter 7 The Krebs Cycle • In the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis reacts with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. Then, acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle. • One glucose molecule is completely broken down in two turns of the Krebs cycle. These two turns produce four CO2 molecules, two ATP molecules, and hydrogen atoms that are used to make six NADH and two FADH2 molecules. • The bulk of the energy released by the oxidation of glucose still has not been transferred to ATP.

  21. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Chapter 7 Krebs Cycle

  22. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Chapter 7 Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis • High-energy electrons in hydrogen atoms from NADH and FADH2 are passed from molecule to molecule in the electron transport chain along the inner mitochondrial membrane.

  23. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Chapter 7 Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis, continued • Protons (hydrogen ions, H+) are also given up by NADH and FADH2. • As the electrons move through the electron transport chain, they lose energy. This energy is used to pump protons from the matrix into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. • The resulting high concentration of protons creates a concentration gradient of protons and a charge gradient across the inner membrane.

  24. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Chapter 7 Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis, continued • As protons move through ATP synthase and down their concentration and electrical gradients, ATP is produced. Oxygen combines with the electrons and protons to form water.

  25. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Chapter 7 Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis, continued • The Importance of Oxygen • ATP can be synthesized by chemiosmosis only if electrons continue to move along the electron transport chain. • By accepting electrons from the last molecule in the electron transport chain, oxygen allows additional electrons to pass along the chain. • As a result, ATP can continue to be made through chemiosmosis.

  26. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Chapter 7 Efficiency of Cellular Respiration • Cellular respiration can produce up to 38 ATP molecules from the oxidation of a single molecule of glucose. Most eukaryotic cells produce about 36 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose. • Thus, cellular respiration is nearly 20 times more efficient than glycolysis alone.

  27. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Chapter 7 A Summary of Cellular Respiration • Another Role of Cellular Respiration • Providingn cells with ATP is not the only important function of cellular respiration. • Molecules formed at different steps in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are often used by cells to make compounds that are missing in food.

  28. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Chapter 7 Summary of Cellular Respiration

  29. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following must pyruvic acid be converted into before the Krebs cycle can proceed? A. NADH B. glucose C. citric acid D. acetyl CoA

  30. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which of the following must pyruvic acid be converted into before the Krebs cycle can proceed? A. NADH B. glucose C. citric acid D. acetyl CoA

  31. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following occurs in lactic acid fermentation? F. Oxygen is consumed. G. Lactic acid is converted into pyruvic acid. H. NAD+ is regenerated for use in glycolysis. J. Electrons pass through the electron transport chain.

  32. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following occurs in lactic acid fermentation? F. Oxygen is consumed. G. Lactic acid is converted into pyruvic acid. H. NAD+ is regenerated for use in glycolysis. J. Electrons pass through the electron transport chain.

  33. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle? A. CO2 B. ATP C. FADH2 D. ethyl alcohol

  34. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle? A. CO2 B. ATP C. FADH2 D. ethyl alcohol

  35. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. In which way is cellular respiration similar to photosynthesis? F. They both make G3P. G. They both involve ATP. H. They both involve chemiosmosis. J. all of the above

  36. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. In which way is cellular respiration similar to photosynthesis? F. They both make G3P. G. They both involve ATP. H. They both involve chemiosmosis. J. all of the above

  37. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. ATP is synthesized in chemiosmosis when which of the following moves across the inner mitochondrial membrane? A. NADH B. oxygen C. protons D. citric acid

  38. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. ATP is synthesized in chemiosmosis when which of the following moves across the inner mitochondrial membrane? A. NADH B. oxygen C. protons D. citric acid

  39. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The illustration shows part of a biochemical pathway. Use the illustration to answer the question that follows. 6. This reaction occurs during which of the following processes? F. Krebs cycle G. acetyl CoA formation H. alcoholic fermentation J. lactic acid fermentation

  40. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The illustration shows part of a biochemical pathway. Use the illustration to answer the question that follows. 6. This reaction occurs during which of the following processes? F. Krebs cycle G. acetyl CoA formation H. alcoholic fermentation J. lactic acid fermentation

  41. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. glycolysis : pyruvic acid :: Krebs cycle : A. O2 B. ATP C. lactic acid D. acetyl CoA

  42. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. glycolysis : pyruvic acid :: Krebs cycle : A. O2 B. ATP C. lactic acid D. acetyl CoA

  43. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The illustration below shows some stages and reactants of cellular respiration. Use the illustration to answer the question that follows. 8. At which of the points is ATP, the main energy currency of the cell, produced? F. 1 only G. 2 only H. 1 and 3 J. 1, 2, and 3

  44. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The illustration below shows some stages and reactants of cellular respiration. Use the illustration to answer the question that follows. 8. At which of the points is ATP, the main energy currency of the cell, produced? F. 1 only G. 2 only H. 1 and 3 J. 1, 2, and 3

  45. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Short Response The inner membrane of a mitochondrion is folded; these folds are called cristae. How might cellular respiration be different if the inner mitochondrial membrane were not folded??

  46. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued The inner membrane of a mitochondrion is folded; these folds are called cristae. How might cellular respiration be different if the inner mitochondrial membrane were not folded? Answer: The cristae increase the surface area of the inner wall of the mitochondria, which allows more electron transport chain pathways and ATP synthase. Thus, the rate of cellular respiration is increased.

  47. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response Oxygen is produced during the reactions of photosynthesis, and it is used in the reactions of cellular respiration. Part A How does oxygen get into or out of chloroplasts and mitochondria? Part B What are the roles of oxygen in the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, and how are the roles similar?

  48. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A Oxygen builds up inside chloroplasts as they produce oxygen, forming a concentration gradient—high oxygen concentration inside and low concentration outside. This causes O2 to diffuse out of the chloroplast. In mitochondria, as O2 is used up, a favorable gradient for the inward diffusion of oxygen occurs. Part B In photosynthesis, oxygen is formed when water is split during the light reactions. This byproduct of photosynthesis is released by cells and becomes available for aerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration, oxygen is the final electron acceptor at the end of electron transport. When oxygen accepts these electrons (and protons), water is formed. Hence, water supplies oxygen for photosynthesis, and oxygen is used to form water in aerobic respiration.

  49. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Chapter 7 Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

More Related