1 / 30

Environmental Health Program: Understanding, Managing, and Protecting

This comprehensive program covers the scope of environmental health practice, definitions, hazards, and global issues such as pollution, sanitation, and waste disposal. Learn the importance of environmental health in controlling hazards, promoting public health, and safeguarding the environment.

moya
Télécharger la présentation

Environmental Health Program: Understanding, Managing, and Protecting

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CHP300: Community Health Program-l Mohamed M. B. Alnoor

  2. Content • Scope of EH practice • Definitions • Importance of EH • Traditional and Modern Hazards • EH & ES concerns • Water Supply Sanitation • Waste Disposal • Major global Environmental Problems • Population overgrowth • Air pollution • Ozone depletion/global warming • Water pollution • Challenges and Obstacles

  3. DEFINITIONS Environmental Health (EH)? Environmental health is the study and management of environmentalconditions that affect health and well-being of humans

  4. DEFINITIONS Pollution The introductionof harmful materials or productionof harmful conditions. Contamination • The introductionof undesirable materials. Polluted environment • Impure, dirty, or otherwise unclean.

  5. DEFINITIONS Pollutant a waste material that negatively affects water air, or soil. • Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant: • chemical nature • concentration • persistence

  6. DEFINITIONS Pollutants are introduced at: • Point sources: • smokestacks, accidental spills or pipes discharging into waterways. • Area sources, (non point sources): • More diffuse: • Urban and agricultural runoff. • Mobile sources: Automobile exhaust.

  7. DEFINITIONS Hazards and Risks: Hazard: Is “a factor or exposure that may adversely affect health”. Risk: Is “the probability that an event will occur.

  8. DEFINITIONS Environmental sanitation(ES): Control of environmental factors that form linksintransmission of disease. Subsets of this category are: • solid waste management • treatment of water • treatment of wastewater • industrial-waste treatment .

  9. Importance of EH • It helps understand/control/adapt: • Pollution • Natural/technological disasters • Physical hazards • Climatic changes • Food/Nutritional deficiencies • Sanitation

  10. Importance of EH • Sanitation is cost-effective: • Interventions yield : • 5.6 billion productive days including: • 2.4 billion healthy infant day • 1.25 billion productive adult days. • 443 million school days economic $3 - $14 • $1 invested return Childhood diarrhoeal deaths 30% • Toilet use reduction

  11. Importance of EH • Sanitation can be improved: Success stories • Malaysia and Thailand: • universal coverage over thirty years • The Southern region of Ethiopia: • elimination of open defecation. • Bangladesh: • : “open-defecation-free”.

  12. Scope of EH practice Traditional and Modern Hazards: TraditionalHazards Disease Vectors Infectious agents Housing and Shelter hazards Drinking Water & Sanitation hazards Indoor air Pollution Dietary Deficiencies Injury hazards ModernHazards • Tobacco smoking • Alcohol and drugs • Transport hazards • Environmental pollution • Outdoor air pollution • Chemical hazards • Occupational Hazards • Unbalanced Diet • Stress

  13. Scope of EH practice Purpose of EH practice • prevention of EHhazards • promotion and protection of : • public health • environment Disciplines of EH: Three basic disciplines: • Environmentalepidemiology : Observational studies • Toxicology : TEAM WORK Animal studies • Exposurescience : Identifying and quantifying exposures.

  14. Scope of EH practice EH and ES concerns : • Air, water and soil: • - Quality • - Pollution • Waste and toxic substances. • Climate and Disaster : • - Preparedness & Management • Occupational Health & Safety • Behaviour

  15. Scope of EH practice Water Supply Sanitation: Approved type of water facilities: • Rural areas: • Point Source: (well or spring)  • Communal Faucet • Urban communities : • Waterworks System

  16. Scope of EH practice Water Supply Sanitation: Water Treatment : Raw surface groundwater Water Treatment Safe drinking water • Two major processes: • Physical removal of solids • COAGULATION: • SEDIMENTATION : • FILTRATION : • Chemical disinfection • DISINFECTION : • STORAGE :

  17. Scope of EH practice Proper Excreta and Sewage Disposal: Approved types • Urban areas: • Water carriage/sewerage • system/ treatment : Removing impurities natural water cycle. Sewage (Treatment) • Separation of solids: Physical processes • Purification: Biological and Chemical processes

  18. Scope of EH practice Hospital Waste Disposal: Hospital waste: Biological Non biological • 85% are non-infectious • 10% are infectious • 5% are hazardous

  19. MAJOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 1- Overpopulation 2- Air pollution: 3- Ozone depletion and global warming: 4- Water pollution:

  20. MAJOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 1- Overpopulation • Air • Water • Soil • Pollution • Resource depletion • Forests • Fossil fuel • Extinction(52 species) • Mammals • Birds • Amphibians *ESTIMATE

  21. MAJOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 2- Air pollution: • industrialized and urbanized areas • 75% of children suffer respiratory disease • London fog (1952) killed 4000-8000 (mostly elderly). • The six major air pollutants: • Carbon monoxide (CO) • Nitrogen Oxides (NO, NO2) • particulate matter • sulfur dioxide (SO2) • Hydrocarbons • lead.

  22. MAJOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS CO2 from fossil fuel 3- Ozone depletion and global warming: plant/ animal ultraviolet rays (skin cancer, cataracts, etc) • Refrigerants :chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), • 1930: introduced(Freon) • 1976: 750 million lb./year • 1980s: $28 billions/year Keeling Curve

  23. MAJOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 3- Ozone depletion and global warming: several thousand x the greenhouse potential CFCs CO2 CFCs cooling of the stratosphere accelerates ozone depletion • What can we do? • Reduce home energy usage • Buy cars that are fuel-smart • Transportation alternatives : • mass transit,, bicycling • Insulate your home to save • money and energy • Plant trees • Educate others

  24. MAJOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 4- Water pollution: • Causes of water pollution • Population growth. • Outputs (Industrial, agricultural and urban) • Control of water pollution: • Domestic sewage • wastewater • Industrial • Agricultural • stormwater • Construction site • Urban runoff

  25. MAJOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Pollutioncontrol: PREVENT most favoured REDUCE option REUSE RECYCLE MITIGATE COMPOST DISPOSE least favoured option

  26. CHALLENGES and OBSTACLES to IMPROVED SANITATION • Demographic Issues (more people) • Growth in number • Increase in Consumption • Consumption Patterns: • More wastes • Growth of cities (More • large cities and slums)

  27. CHALLENGES and OBSTACLES to IMPROVED SANITATION • Macro Economic Policies • More use and degradation • of resources • Poverty: > 1 billion live below poverty line( $ 1.25/day) • Behavioural and perception barriers: • – low environmental concern • – benefits of improved sanitation not widely understood

  28. Pollution affects every organ Cardiac Cardiac

  29. The basic requirements for healthy environment • Clean Air • Safe and Sufficient Water • Adequate and Safe Food • Safe and Peaceful Settlements • Stable Global Environment

  30. Summary Environmental health is the broadest scope of health problem definition Environmental health studies the impact of the environment on populations It is a population based science that can be scaled to study individuals within populations Problem definition and potential resolution is possible through the implementation of a systematic approach

More Related