Strategies for Oral Communication

2. Strategies for Oral Communication Strategies for successful speaking and successful listening Chapter # 14 By: Saif Bukhari

3. Strategies for Oral CommunicationPart Six • Strategies for Oral Communication • Chapter 14. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening. • Chapter 15. Strategies for Successful Informative and Persuasive Speaking. • Chapter I6. Strategies for Successful Interpersonal Communication. • Chapter 17. Strategies for Successful Business and Group Meetings

4. Definition of Communication • Communication • Communication is the transmission of messages from a Sender (a person or group) to a Receiver(another person or group). In a perfect world, the receiver would understand. • The message without difficulty. But too often, that doesn’t happen. A lack of clarity, poor Choice of words, distractions, and a host of other obstacles can interfere with the message.

5. Barriers to Communication • Barriers to Communication • If noise is whatever interferes with communication between sender and receiver (and vice versa), it’s important to understand what causes noise—what are the main barriers to communication. • There are three main types of barriers: • External barriers, (include environmental and visual distractions) • Internal barriers, (within the receiver) • Semantic barriers. (differences in language, education, and culture)

6. Strategies • Strategies • A careful plan or method for achieving a particular goal usually over a long period of time. • They are proposing a new strategy for treating the disease with a combination of medications. ▪ The government is developing innovative strategies to help people without insurance get medical care. • Strategies ▪ The skill of making or carrying out plans to achieve a goal.▪ A specialist in campaign/military strategy.

7. Persuasive Speaking • Persuasion occurs when an audience assents (agree) to what a speaker says. • Consequently, persuasive speaking requires extra attention to audience analysis. • Traditionally, persuasion involves ethos (credibility), logos (logic), and pathos (emotion). By performing these three elements competently, a speaker can enhance their persuasive power.

8. Interpersonal Communication • Successful Interpersonal Communication. • Interpersonal communication is the process of sending and receiving information between two or more people. • Types of Interpersonal CommunicationThis kind of communication is subdivided into • Dyadic communication, • Public speaking, and Small-group communication.

9. Dyadic communication • Dyadic communication • Dyadic communication is simply a method of communication that only involves two people such as a telephone conversation or Even a set of letters sent to and received from a penal. In this communication process, sender can immediately receive and evaluate feedback from the receiver. So that, it allows for more specific tailoring of the message and more personal communication than do many of the other media. * Dyad means two things of similar kind or nature or group and dyadic communication means the inter-relationship between the two.

10. Group Meetings • Group Meetings a formally arranged gathering; "next year the meeting. • “The meeting elected a chairperson"

11. Strategies for Oral Communication Strategies for successful speaking and successful listening Chapter # 14 By: Saif Bukhari

12. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • I.Strategies for Improving Oral presentation. • II. Strategies for Reducing Stage Fright • III. Strategies for improving listening Skills.

13. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • A. Steps for Preparing Effective Oral Presentations. • B. Kinds of Oral Presentations. • C. Ways of Delivering the Oral Message. • D. Strategies for an Effective Oral Delivery. • E. Strategies for an Effective Nonverbal Delivery.

14. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • II. Strategies for Reducing Stage Fright • A. Signs of Discomfort • B. Strategies for Decreasing Speaking Fears • III. Strategies for improving listening Skills. • A. Faults in Listening • B. Purposes for Listening • C. Results (Good Listening).

15. I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • A.Steps for Preparing Effective Oral Presentations • 1. Determine the purpose, • 2. Analyze the audience and occasion. • 3. Select the main ideas for the message. • 4. Research the topic. • 5. Organize the data and write the draft. • 6. Create visual aids. • 7. Rehearse the talk.

16. I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • Good speech has three parts: • 1 An Introduction • 2 A Body (or Text discussion) • 3 A Conclusion or Summary

17. I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • Good speech has three parts: • 1. Introduction • An introduction seeks to do several things: • Get attention, • Include an Aim or Purpose and • Lay out of the direction. • Three elements as a PAL • PAL (Porch, Aim, Layout). • Porch, your opening remarks • Aim, your purpose, why you are giving the talk. • Layout, your agenda, precise understanding the major points you will cover, it is roadmap for what follows.

18. I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • Good Speech • 1. Introduction • 2. Body (Text, Discussion) • The body is the heart of your talk; • Here you explain and support the main purpose of your presentation. • Here you include evidence, data for your central theme, • Organize the body of the talk is similar to developing the text or discussion of a major paper. • Time constraint demands that must talks be limited to two or three main points.

19. I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • Good Speech • 1. Introduction • 2. Body (Text, Discussion) • 3. Summary or Conclusion • A summary reminds the audience of the main idea covered in the body of the talk. • Conclusion draws inferences from the data. • Regardless of your intent, there must be an ending or a “closing" to your remarks.

20. I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • Good Speech • Create Visual Aids • Some presentations do not require Visuals, • On the other hand, it would be odd not to include a Visual when speaking about the structure of an organization.

21. I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • Steps for Preparing Effective Oral Presentations • Rehearse the Talk is the most important step for effective oral presentation. • Two Purposes underlie rehearsals: • You will become more comfortable • Your material and you can still revise where necessary. • When rehearsing, stand and deliver your talk out loud. • Three times rehearsals recommended. • If you rehearse too much, the statement sound memorized.

22. I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • Rehearse the Talk • Always imagine the audience in front of you. • Use transitional (in-between) • Avoid long sentences and un­usual words. • Take each of the main points one at a time and learn to present each with its supporting material. • Include the visual aids. • Anticipate questions from the audience. • Stop at the allotted time, Then cut and revise the speech accordingly until you can deliver it within the time limit, • Allowing also for a question and answer period.

23. I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • B- Kinds of Oral Presentations • Basically, all oral communication lies between: • Informative speaking and Persuasion • For most purposes the statements are therefore some variation of inform, persuade. or entertain. Additionally, one could add such variations as motivate, inspire, and eulogize, (praise or Criticize).

24. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • B- Kinds of Oral Presentations • Basically, all oral communication lies between: • Short talks may range from 1 to 10 minutes in length. You may simply introduce someone, present an award to a retiree, give a briefing to visitors to your company; or offer an opening statement in a group meeting. • Longer statements may vary from 10 minutes to 1 hour. some corporations limit statements to 20 or 30 minutes, knowing that attention spans decrease the longer the statement.

25. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • C. Ways of Delivering the Oral Message • Four options for speaking: • Extemporaneous, • Reading, • Memorization, and • Impromptu delivery. Extemporaneous delivery Is preferred by both audiences and speakers; It allows more Eye contact and more verbal and nonverbal Involvement with the audience.

26. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • 1.Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • D. Strategies for an Effective Oral Delivery • One of your personal signatures Is your voice 1- Pitch, (*Monotone, High or low voice, Same work value) 2- Rate, (Variation in rates is better than speaking at the same speed). 3- Volume gives It more Interest and appeal I- Contrast in Emphasis, using a louder or softer. II- Controlled Breathing. 4- Vocal Quality (ones voice is hard to describe: we often turn to metaphors to describe voice quality). 5- Pronunciation (Speech therapists can help with pronunciation concerns, particularly with non-native speakers. * Monotone Lack of pitch variation may result in being called a monotone

27. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • 1. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • D. Strategies for an Effective Oral Delivery • One of your personal signatures Is your voice 5- Pronunciation • Jargon. • Varied Regional Accents. • Added or Omitted Sounds. • Listen to the Educated and Cultured People of your Community • Consult a Recent Dictionary.

28. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • 1. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • E. Strategies for an Effective Nonverbal Delivery • 1. Posture (Posture, how you stand, even sit, communicates something about you as a communicator). 2. Movement (Lecterns are movement Inhibiting. If you must use a lectern, try moving slightly from one edge to the other. i - Move to Hold Attention, ii- Move to Get Rid of Nervousness, iii- Move to Suggest Transitions. iv- Move to Increase Emphasis.

29. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • 1. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • E. Strategies for an Effective Nonverbal Delivery • 1. Posture • 2. Movement • 3. Gestures • Emblems (symbol). • Illustrators. • Affect Displays. • Regulators • Adapters

30. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • E. Strategies for an Effective Nonverbal Delivery • 3. Gestures • To Emphasize • To Point • To Reject • To Describe • Very Gestures • Avoid Continuous Gestures • Watch Timing • Adapt Gestures

31. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • 1. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations • E. Strategies for an Effective Nonverbal Delivery • 1. Posture • 2. Movement • 3. Gestures • 4. Facial Expressions • 5. Appearance

32. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • II. Strategies for Reducing Stage Fright • Signs of Discomfort • Strategies for Decreasing Speaking Fears. • Regardless of culture, stage fright is universal. The suggestions helps decrease the intensity of that fear.

33. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • III. Strategies for improving Listening Skills. • A. Faults in Listening • B. Purposes for Listening • C. Results of Good Listening.

34. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • III. Strategies for improving Listening Skills. • A. Faults in Listening • (Listening is as important as the other three components of Communication, I - Speaking, II - Reading, III- Writing0. • *Prejudice Against the Speaker. • External Distractions (interruption). • Thinking Speed. • We have time on our hands while listening to a speech, our Thinking speed out-paces the speakers rate of speech. • Premature Evaluation • Delivery. *injustice

35. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • III. Strategies for improving Listening Skills. • A. Faults in Listening • B. Purposes for Listening • It should be no surprise that poor listening is not entirely the fault of the speaker. • To Gain New Information and Ideas. • To Question and Test Evidence and Assumptions. • T be Inspired • To Improve your own Communication

36. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • III. Strategies for improving Listening Skills. • A. Faults in Listening • B. Purposes for Listening • C. Results of Good Listening. • Following Six benefits will occur if you listen purposefully and positively 1. Leads to helpful, Positive attitudes- by understanding the hindrances that lie in the way of good listening. 2. Permits the speaker and listeners to improve communication because each side is more aware of and receptive to the other's viewpoint.

37. Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful Listening • III. Strategies for improving Listening Skills. • C. Results of Good Listening. 3. Indicates by feedback to the speaker that listeners are interested in turn, the speaker tries harder to give his or her best presentation. 4. Helps listeners obtain useful information on which they can make accurate decisions. 5. Creates better understanding of others and thus helps listeners work with others. 6. Helps the speaker (especially in an interview) in talking out a problem a person need to receive, as well as give help.

38. Reference Material

39. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ORAL PRESENTATIONS • STEPS FOR PREPARING EFFECTIVE ORAL PRESENTATIONS • Determine the purpose • Analyze the audience • Select the main ideas • Research the topic • Organize the data: intro, body, conclusion • Create visual aids • Rehearse the talk

40. TIPS ON PREPARING FOR THE INTRODUCTION • Introduction is meant for: audience’s attention, aim or purpose of presentation, and layout of the presentation • These three elements are called PAL: • Porch: these are the opening remarks, preamble or preface of the speech e.g. a quotation, a question, a startling statement, reference to the occasion, reference to the past, a humorous story etc. • Aim: it is the topic of the talk, why you are giving the talk, your intention in giving the talk • Layout: it is your agenda during the talk, the main topics to be discussed by number.

41. TIPS FOR REHEARSAL • The two purposes of rehearsal are: • To make us more comfortable with our speech and to help us revise our speech • During the practice stand straight and talk out loud • Always imagine the audience before you, or invite family/friends to act as your audience • Use transitional (Middle) phrases such as ‘first’, ‘second’, ‘now I will move on to next topic’, ‘lastly’, ‘in the end’ etc. to indicate changes in our thoughts or topics

42. TIPS FOR REHEARSAL • Avoid long sentences and unfamiliar words • Present each point separately with its related material • Include visual aids where necessary in the text • Anticipate audience’s questions and write down probable answers • Stop at the allocated time, allowing time for questions and answers

43. WAYS OF DELIVERING THE ORAL MESSAGE • Extemporaneous: allows a speaker to use notes or an outline preferably in the form of small cards (3-5 inches) that can be held discretely in the palm of your hand • It allows more eye contact with the audience and is the most popular way of presentation • Reading: political figures and policy makers etc. who can’t afford to make any mistake in their messages prefer reading from a written text.

44. WAYS OF DELIVERING THE ORAL MESSAGE • Memorization: this technique is rarely used as there is a limit to how much we can instantly remember • Impromptu: if you are asked to speak without any prior preparation, you should not be caught unprepared • you should make notes of the discussions being held in the meeting so that you can speak effectively when called upon to do so.

45. STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE ORAL DELIVERY • Pitch: it is the shrillness or lowness of the voice. Women have higher pitch than men. • Monotone means same pitch throughout the speech which is irritating to the listeners. • Strong declarative sentences end with downward pitch, questions and suggestions end on higher pitch. • Pitch varies in sentences: Mary don’t do that!

46. STRATEGIES FOR ORAL DELIVERY • Rate: the rate of words delivered per minute should range between 80 to 160. • Pauses between words or sentences emphasize transitions of thought and help the speaker collect their thoughts. • But pauses should not be too long so that they bore the listeners.

47. STRATEGIES FOR ORAL DELIVERY • Volume: some people have naturally loud voice. But one must regulate the volume according to audience size. • Volume can also vary on important words, sentences or ideas. • Vocal Quality: every voice has its unique quality. Voices can be deep, throaty, gentle, masculine, effeminate, dynamic, weak, strong, secure, clear etc. • Some people do not have a good quality voice in which case they should get speech therapy.

48. STRATEGIES FOR ORAL DELIVERY • Pronunciation: it is an important part of oral delivery. In the professional world correct pronunciation is necessary especially for foreign speakers of English. • Jargonor technical terms and abbreviations should not be spoken outside the group or should be explained before use. • Sounds should not be omitted such as using ‘gonna’ or ‘wanna’ for ‘going to’ and ‘want to’ etc. • One must listen to educated and cultured people in order to polish one’s pronunciation. • Dictionary also is a good source of correct pronunciation.

49. STRATEGIES FOR AN EFFECTIVE NONVERBAL DELIVERY • Posture: straightness of the back is essential for a good impression whether you sit or stand. • Movement: during your presentation maintain eye contact with your audience and occasionally move back and forth, but not continuously • Movement is meant for purposes of holding audience’s attention, getting rid of nervousness, for suggesting transitions, and for increasing emphasis

50. STRATEGIES FOR AN EFFECTIVE NONVERBAL DELIVERY • Gestures: movement of hands, arms and shoulders, and head are termed gestures • Emblems: behavior which signifies specific verbal terms such as thumbs up as sign of good work, arm wave as sign of hello • Illustrators: when hands or fingers are used to point out objects • Affect Displays: when facial expressions are used to indicate emotional states