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Understanding Mendel's Principles of Independent Assortment in Genetics

This section explores Gregor Mendel's experiments that led to the formulation of the Principle of Independent Assortment. After discovering the segregation of alleles in his first experiments with pea plants, Mendel questioned whether the segregation of one gene affects another. Through two-factor crosses, he demonstrated that the gene controlling seed shape (round or wrinkled) does not influence the gene determining seed color (yellow or green). Mendel's findings established that different traits can segregate independently during gamete formation, providing the foundation for understanding genetic variability.

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Understanding Mendel's Principles of Independent Assortment in Genetics

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  1. Introduction to Genetics 2 Mendelian Genetics

  2. Independent Assortment • After Mendel’s 1st experiment, he still had a question: “Does the segregation of one pair of alleles affect the segregation of another pair of alleles?” • Example: Does the gene that determines whether a seed is round or wrinkled in shape have anything to do with the gene for seed color?

  3. Independent Assortment • To answer this, Mendel did a 2-factor cross. • P  Round Yellow Peas (RRYY) X wrinkled green peas (rryy) • all produced round yellow peas (RrYy) • F1 crossed the RrYy and RrYy • F2 produced 556 seeds: 315 round yellow, 32 wrinkled green and 209 had combinations of phenotypes

  4. Independent Assortment • From this, Mendel created the Principle of Independent Assortment: states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. Independent assortment helps account for the many genetic variations observed in plants, animals, and other organisms.

  5. Summary of Mendel’s Principles • The inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by individual units known as genes. Genes are passed from parents to their offspring. • In cases in which 2 or more forms of the gene for a single trait exist, some forms of the gene may be dominant and others may be recessive. • In most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has 2 copies of each gene- one from each parent. These genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed. • The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of one another.

  6. Practice • Create a dihybrid cross for pod shape and pod color. Find the genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio • SsGg X ssgg

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