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Skeletal System Part B

Skeletal System Part B. Skeletal System Part B. VERTEBRAL COLUMN. VERTEBRAL COLUMN. Extends from the skull to the pelvis and protects the spinal cord. It is composed of a vertebrae separated by intervertebral disk. An infant has 33 vertebral bones and an adult has 26

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Skeletal System Part B

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  1. Skeletal System Part B

  2. Skeletal System Part B

  3. VERTEBRAL COLUMN

  4. VERTEBRAL COLUMN • Extends from the skull to the pelvis and protects the spinal cord. • It is composed of a vertebrae separated by intervertebral disk. • An infant has 33 vertebral bones and an adult has 26 • The vertebral bones have 4 curvatures- Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic.

  5. VERTEBRAL COLUMN

  6. A Typical Vertebra All vertebrae have a common structural pattern. Each vertebra consists of a body, vertebral arch, vertebral foramen and vertebral canal. Vertebra

  7. Vertebra • Cervical Vertebrae (7) • C1 and C2 are the smallest and are unusual. Often called the atlas and the axis • They have no intervertebral disc between them and are highly modified. • The dens of the axis (2nd vertebra) provides a pivot for the atlas when the head is turned from side to side. • C1 has no spinous process nor body.

  8. Vertebra • Cervical Vertebrae (7) • The remaining cervical vertebra help to make up the neck.

  9. Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Larger than the cervical Slope downward and faces the sides of bodies articulate with the ribs Vertebra

  10. Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Large and strong Vertebra

  11. Starts as 5 bones but fuses together between 18-30 Triangular structure that bears rows of dorsal sacral foramina United with coxal bones at the sacroiliac joints. Provides a guide for determining the size of the pelvis. Vertebra Sacrum Sacrum

  12. Composed of 4 bones that fuse together by age 25 Forms the lowest part of the vertebral column Acts a shock absorber when a person sits. Vertebra Coccyx

  13. THORACIC CAGE • Includes the ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilages • It supports the shoulder girdle and upper limbs, protects viscera, and functions in breathing.

  14. THORACIC CAGE • RIBS • 12 pairs of ribs are attached to the 12 thoracic vertebrae • First 7 rib pairs are called true ribs, join the sternum directly by their costal cartilages. • Remain 5 pairs called false ribs, their cartilages do NOT reach the sternum directly.

  15. THORACIC CAGE • RIBS • In fact the first 3 of the false ribs join the cartilage of the 7th true rib. • The remain two ribs are called floating ribs, because they have no attachment to any cartilage. • Typical rib has a shaft, head, and tubercle that articulate with the vertebrae.

  16. THORACIC CAGE • Sternum is a flat elongated bone that develops in three parts- an upper Manubrium, a middle body, and a lower xiphoid process. • Articulates with costal cartilages and clavicles.

  17. PECTORAL GIRDLE • Composed of 2 clavicles (collar bone) and 2 scapulae (shoulder blades) • It forms an incomplete ring that supports the upper limbs and provides attachments for muscles that move the upper limbs

  18. PECTORAL GIRDLE • CLAVICLE • Rodlike bones that run horizontally between the sternum and shoulders. • Hold shoulders in place and provide attachments for muscles. • Has a medial (sternal) end and a lateral (acromial ends)

  19. PECTORAL GIRDLE

  20. PECTORAL GIRDLE • SCAPULA • Broad, triangular bones • Articulate with the humerus of each limb and provides attachment for muscles of the upper limbs and chest. • Has a Acromion process that forms the tip of the shoulder • A Coracoid process that curves anteriorly and inferiorly to the clavicle. • Has a Glenoid cavity, it articulates with the head of the arm bone (humerus).

  21. UPPER LIMBS • Provide the frameworks and attachments of muscles, and function in levers that move the limb and its parts.

  22. UPPER LIMBS • Humerus-extends from scapula to elbow. • Radius-Located on thumb side of the forearm between elbow and wrist • Ulna-Longer than radius and overlaps the humerus posteriorly. • Hand- Has a wrist, palm, and 5 fingers • 8 carpals that form a carpus, 5 metacarpals, and 14 phalanges.

  23. HUMERUS • Its upper end has a smooth round head that fits into the glenoid cavity. • Below the head are two processes a greater tubercle on the lateral side and a lesser tubercle on the anterior side. • Near the middle of the bony shaft on the lateral side is a rough V-shaped area called the deltoid tuberosity. • On the bottom section of the humerous are Epicondyles which provide attachments for muscles and ligaments of the elbow. (medial and lateral)

  24. HUMERUS

  25. HUMERUS

  26. Radius • Radius-Located on thumb side of the forearm between elbow and wrist. • Shorter than the ulna • A thick-disklikehead at the upper end • On the radial shaft just below the head is a process called the radial tuberosity. An attachment for muscles. • At the distal end of the radius, a lateral styloid process provides attachments for ligaments of the wrist.

  27. Ulna • Longer than radius and overlaps the humerus posteriorly. • A Medial Styloid process at the distal end of the ulna proves attachemnts for ligaments of the wrist. • The Ulna also has a head…on the opposite side as the radius

  28. Styloid Process • Remember….when thinking of medial/lateral processes…you must put your arms in the correct anatomical position! 

  29. Radius and Ulna

  30. Wrist and Hand • The wrist joint is at the junction of the forearm and the hand. The skeleton of the wrist consists of 8 small carpal bones that are firmly bound in two rows of four bones each. The resulting compact mass is called a carpus.

  31. Wrist and Hand • Hand- Has a palm, and 5 fingers. • Five metacarpals bones, one in line with each finger, form the framework of the palm. These bones are cylindrical, with rounded distal ends that form the knuckles of clench fist. These bones are numbered 1-5 beginning with the metacarpal of the thumb.

  32. Wrist and Hand • Hand- Has a palm, and 5 fingers. • Phalanges are the finger bones. There are three in each finger. A proximal, a middle, and a distal phalanx and two in the thumb.

  33. Wrist and Hand

  34. PELVIC GIRDLE • The PG consists of 2 coxal bones (hipbones) that articulate with each other anteriorly and with the sacrum posteriorly. Along with sacrum and coccyx they form the pelvis. • Provides support for the weight, and attachments for muscles, and protects visceral organs.

  35. PELVIC GIRDLE • Each coxae (hipbone) develops from three key parts. An ilium, an ischium, and a pubis. • These parts fuse in the region of a cup-shaped cavity called acetabulum. • This depression, on the lateral surface of the hipbone receives the rounded head of the femur.

  36. PELVIC GIRDLE • Illium- largest portion of the coxal bone, flares outward, forming the prominence of the hip. • The margin of the prominence is called the Iliac Crest. • Joins the sacrum at sacroiliac joint

  37. PELVIC GIRDLE • Ischium- Lowest portion of the coxa bones. • L-shaped.

  38. PELVIC GIRDLE • Pubis- constitutes the anterior portion of the coxa. • The two pubic bones come together at the midline to form a joint called the smyphysis pubis. • The angle these bones form below the symphysis is the pubic arch.

  39. PELVIC GIRDLECOXA(E)

  40. PELVIC GIRDLEGreater and Lesser Pelvis • Below the pelvic brim; greater pelvis is above it • Lesser pelvis functions as a birth canal; Greater pelvis helps support abdominal organs.

  41. PELVIC GIRDLEDifference: Male/Female • Female: Tilted forward, adapted for childbearing, cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has a greater capacity. • Bones are lighter, thinner, and smoother • The acetabula are smaller and farther apart • The pubic arch is broader and more rounded. • The sacrum are wider, shorter, sacral curvature is accentuated. • The coccyx more movable and much straighter.

  42. PELVIC GIRDLEDifference: Male/Female • Male: Tilted less far forward, adapted for support of a male’s heavier build and stonger muscles; cavity of the true pelvis is narrow and deep. • Bones are heavier and thicker; and markings are more prominent • The acetabula are larger and closer together. • The pubic arch is more acute. • The sacrum is narrow; longer; • The coccyx less movable and curves ventrally.

  43. LOWER LIMBS • Provide the frameworks of the thigh, leg, and foot.

  44. FEMUR • FEMUR- Extends from the hip to knee; Longest bone in the body. • A large, rounded head at its proximal end which projects medially into the acetabulum of the coxal bone

  45. FEMUR • Just below the head are a constriction, or neck and two large processes. • A greater trochanter and a lesser trochanter. • These processes provide attachments for muscles of the lower limbs and buttocks.

  46. FEMUR • At the distal end of the femur are two rounded processes, the lateral and medial condyles, articulate with the tibia of the leg. • On the medial surface at its distal end is a prominent medial epicondyle, and on the lateral surface is a lateral epicondyle. These projections provide attachments for muscles and ligaments.

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