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Examining the Effects of Positive and Negative Emotion on Cognitive Processing

In this class, we will discuss the process effects of positive and negative emotions on cognitive processing. We will examine relevant studies and theories and explore different explanations for these effects.

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Examining the Effects of Positive and Negative Emotion on Cognitive Processing

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  1. Announcements/Agenda for April 25 • Class evaluations today. • Dinner party options: • Thursday 4/27 • Tuesday 5/2 • Thursday 5/4 • Finish process effects. • Begin discussion of controlling emotion. Week 14, Part 1

  2. Positive & Negative Emotion: Examining Content & Process Effects Johnson & Tversky (1983) Lerner & Keltner (in press) Bodenhausen et al. (1994)

  3. Process Effects • Main Hypothesis (Bodenhausen et al./Forgas): • Pos. emotions, such as happiness, trigger heuristic thought • Example: • Happy people more likely to rely on stereotypes (Bodenhausen et al.) Week 14, Part 1

  4. Process Effects, cont. • Possible explanations for effects: • Preoccupation with pleasing events constrains capacity for systematic thought • Disruptive arousal or excitement constrains systematic thought • “Effort conservation”: happy people not motivated to engage in cognitive effort, unless tasks have relevance to well-being. (Similar to “mood maintenance” idea) Week 14, Part 1

  5. Process Effects, Cont. • Tests of Possible Explanations in Bodenhausen: • Preoccupation with pleasing events???? • No: Mood inductions with various degrees of cognitive content all produce same results: • Memories of happy events (Study 1) • Facial feedback (Study 2) • Pleasant music (Study 3) Week 14, Part 1

  6. Process Effects, Cont. • Tests of Possible Explanations: • Arousal constrains processing??? • No: Excited happy people do not stereotype more than do calm, happy people (music study) Week 14, Part 1

  7. Process Effects, Cont. • Tests of Possible Explanations: • Effort conservation??? • Possibly: Accountable subjects less likely to stereotype than non-accountable subjects. Week 14, Part 1

  8. Can we control emotion? • Our approach: • Read one empirical paper  today’s focus. • Read three theoretical accounts • Discuss supplemental studies and theories on Thursday. Week 14, Part 1

  9. Gross & Levenson (1993) • Emotion regulation (def.) • The manipulation in self or other of (a) emotional antecedents or (b) one or more of the physiological, subjective, or behavioral components of the emotional response. • Their studies focus on part b. Week 14, Part 1

  10. Gross & Levenson (1993) Results • Suppression decreased: • Expressive behavior (e.g., facial movement) • Somatic activity • Heart rate • Suppression increased: • Blinking • General arousal, indicated by sympathetic nervous system activity (e.g., electrodermal) • Suppression had no effect on: • Self reports of emotional experience Week 14, Part 1

  11. Gross & Levenson (1993) Conclusions • Emotional control is not perfect • Decreasing certain responses resulted in increases in others. • Emotional control takes effort, which increases arousal. • Arousal is not unitary • Some indicators up, some down Week 14, Part 1

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