Inclusive Education: Maximizing Access to General Curriculum

1. Secondary Coaches(County Name(s)) Differentiation (Date)

2. IDEA ’97 Definition of Special Education Special education – “Specially designed instruction” whose purpose is “to address the unique needs of the child that result from the child’s disability; and to ensure the access of the child to the general education curriculum, so that he or she can meet the educational standards within the jurisdiction of the public agency that apply to all children” The Universally Designed Classroom (2005)

3. Does Self-Contained Special Education Deliver on It’s Promises? A Critical Inquiry Into Research and Practice Causton-Theoharis, J., Orsati, F.& Cosier, M. Fifty years after Brown v. Board of Education (1954) determined that even an equal education that occurs in a separate setting is inherently unequal, many students with disabilities remain in separate settings.

4. IDEA ‘04 “Almost 30 years of research and experience had demonstrated that the education of students with disabilities can be made more effective by having high expectations for such children and ensuring their access to the general education curriculum in the regular classroom, to the maximum extent possible” The Universally Designed Classroom (2005)

5. Why are expectations important? The Pygmalion Effect (Rosenthal & Jacobson, 1968) Later research: Expectancy Effect Madon et al (1997) - teacher perceptions and expectations have a greater relative impact on achievement among low achievers than among high achievers.

6. CONGRESSIONAL FINDINGS Understanding Federal Law U.S. Code (U.S.C.) 50 Titles Title 20: Education 78 Chapters Chapter 33: IDEA — IV Subchapters Subchapter I: General Provisions 82 Sections -- denoted as § § 1400: Findings / Purpose …the implementation of this chapter (33 : IDEA) has been impeded by low expectations, and an insufficient focus on applying replicable research on proven methods of teaching and learning for children with disabilities.

7. CONGRESSIONAL FINDINGS • “Almost 30 years of research and experience has demonstrated that the education of children with disabilities can be made more effective by • having high expectations for such children and ensuring their access to the general education curriculum in the regular classroom, to the maximum extent possible, in order to • (i) meet developmental goals and, to the maximum extent possible, the challenging expectations that have been established for all children; and • (ii) be prepared to lead productive and independent adult lives, to the maximum extent possible; “

8. IDEA Congressional Findings (5) Almost 30 years of research and experience has demonstrated that the education of children with disabilities can be made effective by… • (A) having high expectations for such children and ensuring their access to the general education curriculum in the regular classroom, to the maximum extent possible, in order to…

9. IDEA Congressional Findings (B) Strengthening the role and responsibility of parents and ensuring that families of such children have meaningful opportunities to participate in the education of their children at school and at home.

10. IDEA Congressional Findings (C) FINDINGS—Congress finds the following: • (1) Disability is a natural part of the human experience and in no way diminishes the right of individuals to participate in or contribute to society. Improving educational results for children with disabilities is an essential element of our national policy of ensuring equality of opportunity, full participation, independent living, and economic self-sufficiency for individuals with disabilities.

11. IDEA Congressional Findings (c) 1. coordinating this title with other local educational service agency, State and Federal school improvement efforts, including improvement efforts under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, in order to ensure that such children benefit from such efforts and that special education can become a service for such children rather than a place where such children are sent.

12. IDEA ‘04 • Access to general education curriculum • Regular education classroom • Maximum extent possible

14. IDEA ‘04 • Special Education is not a place • Support and services: what and where • One Curriculum

15. Kathie Snow “You know, special education isn’t a subject! It’s supposed to be a method of helping a child become successful in the same world as the rest of us.”

16. IDEA ‘04 “Almost 30 years of research and experience had demonstrated that the education of students with disabilities can be made more effective by having high expectations for such children and ensuring their access to the general education curriculum in the regular classroom, to the maximum extent possible” The Universally Designed Classroom (2005)

17. ensuring their access to thegeneral education curriculum in the regular classroom, to the maximum extent possible Are there exceptions?

18. The Law Does Not Say Unless the… • Student is in 8th Grade and reading at a 3rd Grade Level • Student does not have an understanding of basic math facts • Student does not answer open ended questions • Student continuously talks about “Baby Einstein”

19. #1 Indicator of Student Academic Success TIME ON TASK

20. Time on Task is Active Engagement

21. Same Concept

22. A key aspect of individualization for students with ASD involves approaches for supporting high rates of engagement. Engagement – The amount of time that the student is attending to and actively interacting in his or her social and nonsocial environments, has been cited as one of the best predictors of positive student outcomes. Iovannone, Dunlap, Huber, Kincaid (2003)

23. Why Aren’t Students with IEP’s Actively Engaged In the General Education Curriculum • Students’ disability interferes with their ability to successfully complete the assignments and assessments within the general education curriculum. • Output is not Differentiated. 3. Student’s Quit Trying

24. Students’ disability interferes with their ability to successfully complete the assignments and assessments within the general education curriculum. • Lack of connection to school • Lack of engagement in the curriculum • Lack of reciprocity • Overwhelmed • Interference of competing variables • Directions are abstract • Lack of effective output • Not capable of doing the work

25. Prescriptive Component to the Integrated Model • Determine the Student’s Deficit within the General Education Curriculum • Differentiate the Student’s Output Promoting Student Engagement in the General Education Curriculum • Students Success using Differentiated Output within the General Education Curriculum will Increase Confidence • Power of Learning

26. Instructional Unit Prescriptive Component to Student Active Engagement

27. Differentiated Instruction • Multiple options for taking in information Content/Input • Multiple options for making sense of the ideasProcess • Multiple options for expressing what they knowProduct/Output

28. Differentiated Instruction • Multiple options for taking in informationContent/Input • Multiple options for making sense of the ideasProcess • Multiple options for expressing what they knowProduct/Output

29. Product/Output – Multiple options for expressing what they know How can students share the information that they know?

30. Accommodations vs. Modifications • Accommodations are the supports and services that help students validly demonstrate student learning • Modifications are individualized changes made to the content and performance expectations for students

32. The Modification Word has become Very Complicated in Michigan

33. The Word Modification is Now Directly Associated to…. Curriculum Modifications Meaning…Entire Curriculum is Modified

35. Modifications Can Include… • One Question/Problem on an Assignment • Multiple Questions/Problems - Assignment • One Assignment • One Question/Problem on an Assessment • Multiple Questions/Problems - Assessment • One Assessment • Multiple Assignments • Multiple Assessments • Projects • The Entire Curriculum

36. To Keep Students, Families and Districts Safe Differentiated Output Hierarchy

37. Differentiated Output Hierarchy The Old Academic Modification Hierarchy

39. Handouts • 3rd Grade Differentiated Output Hierarchy • 6th Grade Differentiated Output Hierarchy • 11th Grade Differentiated Output Hierarchy

40. 6th Grade CurriculumDifferentiated Output Hierarchy

41. Open Ended: Math Hector recorded the scores for 2 of his Marco Polo games. He scored 15,988 points on the first game and 13, 539 points on the second game. How many more points did Hector score in the first game than in the second?

42. Visual Organization: Math Hector recorded the scores for 2 of his Marco Polo games. He scored 15,988 points on the first game and 13,539 points on the second game. How many more points did Hector score in the first game than in the second? Subtract score two from score one

43. Visual Organization: Math Hector recorded the scores for 2 of his Marco Polo games. He scored points on the first game and points on the second game. How many more points did Hector score in the game than in the - 15,988 13,539 first second

44. Closed Strategy: Math Hector recorded the scores for 2 of his Marco Polo games. He scored points on the first game and points on the second game. How many more points did Hector score in the first game than in the second? 15,988 13,539 ___ = ________

45. Closed Strategy: Math Hector recorded the scores for 2 of his Marco Polo games. He scored points on the first game and points on the second game. How many more points did Hector score in the first game than in the second? 15,988 13,539 ___ = ________

46. Closed Strategy: Math 15,968 -13,539

47. Choice Strategy: Math Hector scored how many more points in the first game than in the second game? Circle the correct answer 15,968 -13,539 2,429 1,267

48. Yes/No Strategy 15,986 - 13,539 2,429 YES NO

49. Open Ended: Social Studies What are the principles stated in the preamble to the U.S. Constitution?

50. Visual Organization: Social Studies What are the sixprinciples stated in the preamble to the U.S. Constitution?