APWH 8000 BCE-600 CE
APWH 8000 BCE-600 CE. Created by: Jenna Jones Supervising Editor: Michael D Geoffrion. Nomads: Follow the Food. Foraging Societies. Foraging is hunting and gathering Small groups nomadic groups that follow food At the mercy of nature Natural phenomena could endanger entire communities
APWH 8000 BCE-600 CE
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APWH 8000 BCE-600 CE Created by: Jenna Jones Supervising Editor: Michael D Geoffrion
Foraging Societies • Foraging is hunting and gathering • Small groups nomadic groups that follow food • At the mercy of nature • Natural phenomena could endanger entire communities • Few possessions
Pastoral Societies • Domestication of animals • Mostly in mountain regions and in areas that could not support crops. • Supplemented with small scale agriculture • Mostly egalitarian • Concept of extended family
Pastoral cont. • Social class based on size of herd • Few possessions
Settling Down: Neolithic Revolution (Not an actual fight or lunge for power)…
Agricultural Societies • Neolithic Revolution=Agricultural revolution • Neolithic revolution when people began congregating and forming small villages • Relied more on environment (soil and water) • More sense of unity with sustained cultural interactions
Agricultural Soc. Cont. • Idea of ownership of property • Food surplus=specialization of labor • Irrigation lead to even greater surplus • Civilizations emerge
Impact of Agriculture on Environment • Farming villages changed environment by rerouting water, clearing land, and building cities • Land and resources reconfigured to fit needs of growing civilization • Animals used for both food and labor • Metallurgy= reliable tools and weapons • Latter part of Neolithic revolution=Bronze Age
The Big, Early Civilizations: The Rivers Deliver
Early civilizations • Most ‘great’ civilizations located in river valleys • River gave fresh water, food, and transportation • Civilizations considered large population, with large land, and distinct culture • Many early civilizations were collections of city states
Mesopotamia • Means “land between the rivers”- Tigris and Euphrates • Series of ancient civilization is Mesopotamia: Sumer, Babylon, and Persia • Part of Fertile Crescent
Sumer: First Major Mesopot. Civilization • Rose in the southern part of Mesopot. • Cuneiform= writing • Used wheel, developed 12 month calendar, math system based on 60 • Polytheistic; each city state worshipped a different god • Built temples called ziggurats for gods
Sumer to Babylon • When Sumer declined, city of Akkad rose to power • Akkadians developed first known code of law • Akkad overrun by Babylon • Babylon expanded code of law to Hammurabi’s Code • Babylon fell because of invasions by Kassites and Hittites
Cont. • Hittites dominated because they used iron for weapons • Assyrians learned iron metallurgy • Est. capital at Nineveh • Assyrians hated people who they conquered • Sent large groups into exile • Assyrians defeated by Medes and Chaldeans • Nebuchadnezzar king of Chaldeans • Fell to Persia
Persia • Persians develop Great Royal Road (1,600 miles from Persian Gulf to Aegean Sea
Lydians • Concept of using coined money for trade • Led to consistent prices and allowed people to save money
Phoenicians • Powerful naval city states on Mediterranean • Simple alphabet using 22 letters
Hebrews • Religion: Judaism (first Jews) • Established Israel in Palestine • Frequently invaded, but kept identity • Believed to be God’s chosen people
Ancient Egypt • 3 Kingdoms: Old, Middle, and New (height in New) • Before Old kingdom, entire river valley ruled by King Menes • Manage flood waters and irrigation • Pharaohs direct construction of obelisks and pyramids • Hieroglyphics (writing)
Egypt • Polytheistic- w/focus on life after death • Mummification (mostly elite) • First female rule: Queen Hatshepsut (during New Kingdom) • Relatively high status of women: could buy and sell property, inherit property, choose to will property, and right to divorce. • Still expected to be obedient to men
Egyptian Social Pharaohs Priests Nobles Merchants and artisans PEASANTS & SLAVES
Egypt decline • Assyrian and Persia conquered parts of Egypt • Later Greeks and Romans would rule Egypt
Indus Valley • Limited contact with other peoples because of landscape • Connection to outside world by Khyber Pass in Hindu Kush Mountains • Along Indus River • 2 Major cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (sophisticated)
Indus cont. • Indus Valley civilization were polytheistic • Had pottery and cotton farming (made into cloth) • Indus decline: Not known why • Cities abandoned • Believed to have been invaded by Aryans
Aryans • Nomadic tribes from north of Caucasus Mtns. • Used horses and advanced weaponry • Est. their religion (Hindu) on Indian subcontinent • Polytheistic • Recorded beliefs in Vedas and Upanishads
Aryans • Idea of caste system • 3 classes: warriors, priests, and peasants • Later class of landowners and merchants inserted above peasants • Priests (Brahmans) and warriors would converge into one class • Sub castes added later on • Originally movement between classes was allowed, but became more strict over time
China • Shang China in Hwang Ho River Valley (Yellow River Valley) • Trade centered civilization • Powerful military, used chariots • Extremely isolated, thought they were center of civilization • Ethnocentric attitude
Shang family • Patriarchal structure • Believed gods controlled all aspects of peoples’ lives • Veneration
Zhou Dynasty • Wu Wang established Zhou dynasty • Maintained traditions and customs of Shang • Lasted nearly 900 years • Mandate of Heaven: meaning heaven granted power to Zhou as long as rulers governed justly and wisely
Zhou • Feudal system: King as ruler, nobles given power of smaller regions • Nobles became more powerful, and eventually broke off from empire and developed own state • Bureaucracies developed to control government better
West Africa: Bantu • Bantu Migrations: farmers in Niger and Benue River Valleys in W. Africa migrated south and east • Spread language and methods of agriculture and metallurgy • Lasted from 1500BC-1300BC • Migration spurred by climatic changes and population pressure from migrants to their area • Jenner-Jeno: first city in sub-Saharan Africa • Decentralized
Early Mesoamerica and South Amer. • Olmec: Mexico (1500 to 400 BCE) • Olmec were urban society with surplusses of corn, beans, and squash • Irrigation techniques and infrastructure • Polytheistic, had writing and calendar • Not formed in river valley
South America • Chavin: Andes (900 to 200 BCE) • Urban civilization with polytheistic religion • Located on coast (access to seafood) • Used metal tools and weapons • Llamas as beasts of burden
Classic Mesoamerican Civilizations • Mayan (300 BCE to 800 CE); southern Mexico to central America • Collection of city states ruled by same king • Developed complex calendar system • Tikal: most important Mayan political center • Nobody know what happened to them • Disease, natural disaster, warfare, etc.
Mayan • Divided cosmos to 3 parts: heavens, humans, and underworld • Believed gods created humans out of corn • Mayan warfare to acquire slaves not territory • Slaves=labor • Used ridged field system • Cultivated cotton and maize • Ball courts and pyramids
India and China • Alexander the Great conquered Persian empire • Mauryan Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya • Unified smaller kingdoms into one • Highpoint under AshokaMaurya (converted to Buddhism) • Strong trade and military • Later Ashoka preached nonviolence and moderation • Rock and Pillar Edicts- big rocks with rules on them
Gupta Dynasty • Mauryan empire declined after Ashoka died • Chadra Gupta II revived the empire • Decentralized and smaller than Mauryan • Referred to as Golden Age • Arts and sciences developed (pi and zero) • Arabic Numerals • Hinduism dominant religion • Caste system (women lost rights) • Collapse after invaded by White Huns
Qin Dynasty (China) • Qin was short lived • Developed strong economy based on agriculture • Powerful army with iron weapons • Unified region under single emperor • Great Wall of China • Qin Shihuangdi- dynasty’s first emperor • Recentralized, standardized laws, currencies, and weights, measures, and systems of writing • Belief system of Legalism • Decline after Shihuangdi died
Han Dynasty • Enemies: Xiongnu (Huns) invaded China • Leader: Wu Ti (Warrior Emperor) • Enlarged Han empire • Trade thrived on Silk Road and Buddhism diffused • Civil service system- based on Confucius ideas • Used for government positions • Chinese invented paper, sundials, calendars, rudder, and compass • Decline after Wang Mang used Mandate of Heaven to dethrone emperor (est. Xin dynasty)
Classical Greece • Made of Polis: city states • Shared common culture and identity • 2 Main Polis: • Athens: political, cultural, and cultural center of Greece • Sparta: agriculture and militaristic • Austere lifestyle and highly disciplined • 3 social groups in each polis • Citizens (adult males), free people (no political rights), noncitizens (slaves)
Greece • Athens had first democracy (only adult males participate) • Created by Draco and Solon (aristocrats) • Sparta women had higher status than women in Athens • Greek polytheistic- Gods believed to possess human failings
Persian Wars • United all Greece city states against Persia • Victories by Greece at Marathon and Salamis (control Aegean sea) • After war Greece enters era of peace and prosperity called Golden Age of Pericles
Golden Age of Pericles • Athens became cultural powerhouse under Pericles • Established democracy for all adult males • Built Parthenon • Delian League: city state alliance against aggression from common enemies • Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle- truth from rational thought • Intro of Greek drama
Athens decline • Peloponnesian League: Sparta and other city states allied against Athens • Peloponnesian War: Athens V. Sparta • Athens takes defensive strategy behind city walls • Athens afflicted by plague, killing vast numbers and Pericles • Athens navy lost battle at Syracuse on island of Sicily • Sparta didn’t destroy Athens, later invaded by Macedonians • Macedonians didn’t destroy it, but encouraged Greek culture
Macedonians • Alexander the Great conquered Persia and moved to India • Divided realm into 3 Regions • Antigonid (Greece and Macedon) • Ptolemaic (Egypt) • Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia) • Macedon adopted and spread Greek ideas • Hellenism: culture, ideas, and pattern of Greek life • Macedon and empires fell after Alex the Great died
Rome • Polytheism with many gods of Greek origin • Social Structure: • Patricians: land owning noble men • Plebeians: All other free men • Slaves • Representative Republic • Made of Senate (patricians) and Assembly (patricians and plebeians) • 2 consuls elected by assembly and given veto power over decisions
Rome • Civil laws to protect individual rights • Twelve Tables of Rome • “innocent until proven guilty” • Pater familias- eldest male in the family held power • Roman women could own property • Slaves were 1/3 of population
Roman Military • Carthage was Rome’s first enemy (North Africa) • Wars between Carthage and Rome called Punic Wars • First Punic War to gain control of Sicily (Rome won) • Second Punic War Carthage extends to Northern Italy and crosses Alps • Rome expected southern attack • Third Punic War Rome invades and destroys Carthage
Roman Decline • Reasons for decline: • Increased displaced urban population • Roman currency devalued (inflation increased) • Political leaders fighting amongst themselves • Senate weakened • Gave way to first triumvate: Pompey, Crassus, and Ceasar
