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USING BIOTECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE LIFE

USING BIOTECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE LIFE. AGRISCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office . July, 2002. WAYS BIOTECHNOLOGY IS USED IN AGRISCIENCE. Developing and using new forms of plants and animals.

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USING BIOTECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE LIFE

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  1. USING BIOTECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE LIFE AGRISCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office July, 2002

  2. WAYS BIOTECHNOLOGY IS USED IN AGRISCIENCE • Developing and using new forms of plants and animals. • Modifying plants and animals to improve their life processes. • Making substances from natural biological processes. • Improving the quality and kind of foods.

  3. ISSUES THAT CONCERN PEOPLE ABOUT THE USE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY • Uncertainty • Dangers in new life forms • Keep organisms “natural” • Unhealthy food • Harm to handlers • Labeling • Ethics of joining plants and animals • Lack of information

  4. MAJOR LEVELS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY • ORGANISMIC LEVEL - Deals with intact or complete organisms; involves helping them live and grow better. • MOLECULAR LEVEL - Involves changing the structure and parts of cells. Often studied by molecular biologists.

  5. CLONING • Cloning is a process of asexually reproducing organisms. • Three examples are plant tissue culture, embro splitting, and apomixis.

  6. GREATER FERTILITY • SUPEROVULATION - Injecting a cow with a hormone, such as gonadotropin, the cow may release 8-20 eggs during estrus instead of one egg. • EMBYRO TRANSFER - Involves removing an embryo from its mother and placing it in another female to develop. Embryos are transferred seven days after fertilization.

  7. MORE PRODUCTION • Milk Hormones - BST can be given to cows to increase the amount of milk they produce. • Meat Hormones - Using PST causes hogs to produce more more muscle. • Growth Implants - Placing a small pellet under the skin of animals to promote growth.

  8. AQUACULTURE • SPAWNING - Process of female fish producing eggs that are fertilized with sperm from male fish. Aquafarmers induce spawning by injecting the female fish with gonadotropin. • HATCHING - Artificially hatching eggs involves regulating water movement, temperature and oxygen level.

  9. AQUACULTURE CONT. • NURSERY MANAGEMENT - Caring for the fry (newly-hatched fish) involves feeding the proper food, preventing disease, maintaining oxygen level and water temperature and removing waste materials. • SEX CHANGES - Some species do not grow well when males and females are left together; a newly developed way of changing the sex of newly-hatched fry.

  10. ULTRASONICS • PRODUCT QUALITY - Ultrasound can be used to determine the amount of fat and muscle on cattle and other animals. • PREGNANCY ASSESSMENT - Ultrasound is used to determine the development of an embryo/fetus in a pregnant female. • LOCATE FISH - Sonar device is used to locate presence of fish in water.

  11. MARKETING STRATEGIES • Food products are produced in different shapes and forms to encourage people to buy them. • Miniature vegetables; baby corn and carrots. • The round carrot can be sold for a higher price; the nutritional value is the same.

  12. ANIMAL NUTRITION AND FEEDS • AMMONIATING HAY - Treating low quality hay with ammonia increased the protein content of hay and increased the digestibility. • DIGESTIBILITY TESTING - Feed is taken from or put into the digestive system through the fistula placed on an animal to study feed samples.

  13. ANIMAL NUTRITIONCONT. • CONTROLLED FEEDING - Cattle are sometimes fitted with sensors that allow the animal to eat only feed prepared for it.

  14. PREDICTING THE FUTURE • PLANT GROWTH CHAMBERS - Used to study the effects of changes in the environment on plants. • COMPUTER SIMULATIONS - Examples of simulations include cropping models and erosion. • OTHER EXAMPLES - Using growth regulators, forcing plants, using wastes as feed.

  15. GENETICS • Genetics is concerned with the traits parents pass to their offspring. • The difference between animals within the same species is called variability. • Traits that always show up in the offspring if they are present are said to be dominant; traits that can be covered up by other traits are recessive. Dominant trait in cattle is polled cattle. Recessive is red cattle.

  16. DOUBLE HELIX • Two strands of DNA are twisted around forming a spiral structure. • Because of this structure, segments of DNA can be cut out and new ones inserted. • The information in an organism that causes it to function is its genetic code. • Mutations are changes in the genes and chromosomes; can be genetic and physical differences. Larger fruits is an example.

  17. STEPS OF MITOSIS • Prophase - Involves the development of chromosomes and replication of DNA. • Metaphase - Chromosomes move to the middle of the cell. • Anaphase - Chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. • Telophase - The nucleus forms and a membrane appears between each mass of chromosomes.

  18. GENETIC ENGINEERING • The genetic information in the cell is changed or used to make a product. Sections of DNA molecules may be cut out and new sections inserted. • DNA of two different organisms may be combined. • E.coli bacteria are most often used as carriers of new DNA (vectors) into the cell.

  19. Herbicide-Resistant Plants Insect-Resistant Plants Disease- Resistant Plants Transgenic Animals Frost Protection Longer Storage Life New Animal Products WAYS GENETIC ENGINEERING BENEFITS AGRISCIENCE

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