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Classification

Classification. Vertebrates Pg. 779. Subphylum Vertebrata of the Phylum Chordata 3 Distinguishing Characteristics: 1. Vertebrae 2. Cranium 3. Endoskeleton. Biology Chapter 39 Pg 779 Vertebrate Phylum. 3 Classes of Fish :

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Classification

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  1. Classification

  2. Vertebrates Pg. 779 • Subphylum Vertebrata of the Phylum Chordata • 3 Distinguishing Characteristics: 1. Vertebrae 2. Cranium 3. Endoskeleton

  3. Biology Chapter 39 Pg 779Vertebrate Phylum • 3 Classes of Fish: 1. Jawless – hagfish, 783, detritivores lamprey, 784, some parasites external fertilization 2. Chondrichthyes – skeleton cartilage, internal fertilization, sharks, rays 3. Osteichthyes – bony fish, external fertilization, fins 788, swim bladder and two chambered heart 790

  4. Fish Homeostasis Pg 782 • Freshwater fish – hypertonic, more salt in body than water, gain water, lose ions • Saltwater fish – hypotonic, less salt in body than water, lose water, gain ions Pg 795 #5,6

  5. Sensory FunctionPg 783 Olfactory Sacs – smell Lateral Line – sense vibrations in water

  6. Chapter 40: Amphibians • Amphibian- • Cold blooded Vertebrate • Comes from Greek words meaning: Double Life- Part of its life is spent on land and the other is spent in the water Born in water and have gills Adults live on land • Pg. 801 Know the List!!

  7. Skin of Amphibians • 2 Important Function: Respiration and Protection • Moist- Mucous Glands that supply a lubricant • Permeable- H2O, CO2, O2 • Foul secretion for protection

  8. Quiz Your Brain • When are most amphibians active? • At Night • Why is this important? • Reduces the amount of water loss by evaporation • Since frog usually stay wet, how do frogs in the desert survive?

  9. The Heart- Pg. 805 • 3 Chambered Heart • 1 Ventricle that does not divide like ours • What affect does this have on the blood?

  10. Respiration- Pg. 806 • Pulmonary Respiration- respiration through the lungs. • Small surface area in the lungs • Cutaneous Respiration- respiration through the skin • Dart Frog- Native to the tropical Rainforests of Central and South America

  11. Sense Organs: • Sight, Smell, and Hearing are well developed • Why is sight important? • Nictating Membrane- transparent, moveable membrane that covers the eye • Nictaremeans “to wink” • Sound- detected by the inner ear- No external ear • Flat ear drum (Tympanic Membrane)

  12. Quiz Your Brain • Identify an advantage and a disadvantage to the permeability of amphibian skin. • Explain the path of blood flow through the heart. • What is the purpose of the nictating membrane?

  13. Hormones • Circulate through the bloodstream. • Thyroxine- Hormone that helps tadpoles go through metamorphosis to become frogs.

  14. Chapter 41: Reptiles • Eggs- Leathery, Resemble chicken eggs on the inside • Called Amniotic Eggs • Image on Pg. 823 • Decreases H2O loss • Allows for gas exchange

  15. Heart Pg.825-826 • Septum- tissue that divides the ventricle. • Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood rarely mix. • Pumping blood to the lung uses a lot of energy. • Save energy by pumping blood directly to the body and skipping over the lungs. • No O2 needed while under water

  16. Trivia • How long can an alligator stay underwater? • 30 minutes up to an hour

  17. Respiration • Alveoli- sacs in the lungs that increase surface area. • Why is this important? • Reptiles lungs are large. • Breathe similar to how a human breathes.

  18. Thermoregulation • Ectotherms- warms its body by absorbing heat from the sun • Endotherms- generate heat my metabolic processes • Body temperature remains close to its surrounding environment. • Do reptiles normally live in hot or cold climates? Why?

  19. Reproduction • Oviparity- females reproductive tract encloses each egg with a tough shell. • Eggs are deposited in an ideal environment • Do reptiles take on any parental responsibilities/ duties? • Make a nest for the eggs • Cover them to keep the warm • Guards the nest • Breaks open the nest and carries the babies to the water.

  20. Quiz Your Brain • Explain how crocodilians swallow prey under water. • Reptiles have _____ in their lungs that helps increase the surface area. • List some characteristics of eggs of reptiles.

  21. Class Aves – BirdsCh 42 Pg 841 • Ornithology – study of birds • Birds and Bats are the only living vertebrates that can fly. • Down feathers for warmth • Conserve body heat • Contour feathers for flying Pg 859 • Provide lift for flight- Special on wings and tail

  22. Class Aves: Birds • Rigid hollow bones for lightweight strength- fused together • Large keel sternum & pectoral muscles for flying Pg845 • Endothermic – warmblooded, controlled steady body temp, requires more energy/oxygen

  23. Class Aves: Birds • Air Sacs that store oxygen Pg847 • High efficient respiratory system • Travel at high altitudes at low pressures • Nine air sacs • Makes up most of the abdominal and chest cavity

  24. Lightweight due to one ovary and no rectum • No urinary waste is stored • Urine and feces pass through the cloaca • Crop in esophagus that stores & moistens food • Do birds have teeth? • Stomach- 2 Part • Proventriculus- enzymes and acids begin to break down food • Gizzard in stomach to grind food Pg 846

  25. Four chambered heart to supply required energy and oxygen Pg865 • Precocial– can walk and swim after hatching, ducks, chickens • Altricial– hatched blind and helpless, tree nesters Pg 849 Class Aves: Birds

  26. Compare Wing Structures • Predict the type of habitat. • How does the shape of the wings relate to the birds niche? • How would the shape of the wings make a bird unsuccessful if introduced into a different environment?

  27. Class - Mammals Pg 861 • Endothermic • Hair • Insulates against heat loss • Mammary glands • Females produce milk to feed their offspring • Located in thorax or abdomen

  28. Class: Mammals • 4 chambered heart Pg 865 • Single jawbone Pg 882 #25 • Mammalian fossils are often identified using the lower jaw bone • Specialized teeth Pg 883 #6 • Front used to bite, cut, or hold prey • Back used to grind, crush, or slice

  29. Orders of the Mammal Class Pg 863 • Monotremes • Oviparous- lay eggs • Platypus- water proof fur, leathery flat bill, wetlands • Echidna- dry woodlands, spines, long snout, sticky tongue • Australia, Pg 869

  30. Orders of the Mammal Class Pg 863 • Marsupials • Pouch • Viviparous- giving live birth to an animal that was developed inside the mother • kangaroo • Opossum

  31. Orders of the Mammal Class Pg 863 • Placental – viviparous in uterus w/ placenta

  32. Orders of PLACENTAL Mammals Pg 870 1. Toothless – anteaters, armadillos, sloths 2. Rodent-like – rabbits 3. Rodents – squirrels, mice, porcupine 4. Flying – bats 5. Insectivores – shrew, hedgehog, mole 6. Carnivores – dogs, cats, seals, sea lions

  33. 7. Even-toed hoof – deer, giraffe, pig 8. Odd-toed hoof – horse, rhino 9. Swimming – whales and dolphins 10. Manatees 11. Trunk nosed – elephants 12. Primates – monkeys, humans KNOW PRIMATE CHARACTERISTICS PG 875!!!

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