– Examples of recovery bison - about 30,000 in North America; now stable and farmed

1. – Examples of recovery bison - about 30,000 in North America; now stable and farmed wood duck - over-hunted and habitat destroyed; seemed to be headed to extinction by 1913; recovered by protection (Migratory Bird Treaty Act in 1918 gave complete protection) and nest box/ habitat restoration initiative (1939); steel shot required in some areas after 1976 and all areas after 1991 wild turkey - over-hunted; protection started in New York in 1708 when it disappeared from 3 counties, protection increased around the U.S. until finally decline was stemmed by early 1900's; reintroduction was successful California condor, Kirtland’s warbler, Indiana bat, and black footed ferret are species that still need work

2. Wood Ducks and Nest Box

3. Kirtland’s Warbler Black-footed Ferret California Condor Indiana Bat

4. – Examples of overabundance/exotics reindeer - 24 cows and 5 bulls released on St. Matthew’s island in Bering Sea in 1944, grew to 6000 by summer of 1963, next winter herd crashed to 42 (all females and one sterile male); immense destruction to lichens that covered the island and only 10% had recovered 22 years after crash mule deer - Kaibab Plateau in Arizona; predator control and protection from shooting released population; increased from 4000 in 1905 to 100,000 in 1924; 60% starved in 2 winters and population fell to 10,000 in 1940; much damage to vegetation blackbirds - about 550 mill red-wings, starlings, grackles, and cowbirds; they use field crops and cattle feedlots with good roosting sites in south and middle U.S.; noisy, dirty, damage crops, and may be a potential health hazard; countermeasures include spraying with detergent on cold nights, frightening with noise-makers, thinning roost trees;

5. European Starling Common Grackle Red-winged Blackbird Brown-headed Cowbird

6. these tactics are have limited use because they cause stress to bird lovers and only partly effective ring-necked pheasant - Asia; now thriving where native grouse cannot compete brown trout - Europe; can displace natives but do better in warmer waters where natives cannot survive sea lampreys (jawless fish from Atlantic to Great Lakes), common carp (Asia), nutria (large rodent from South America) – People in wildlife management (Table 1.2) Spencer Baird - commissioner of 1st U.S. Gov fishery agency; mid 1800's John Muir - naturalist, writer, and preservationist; founded Sierra Club; late 1800's

7. Common Carp Nutria Ring-necked Pheasant Sea Lamprey

8. Theodore Roosevelt - developed National Wildlife Refuge System; expanded National Forest system; established means of preserving unique resource areas (natural and historical) with National Monument system (Grand Canyon); late 1800's early 1900's Gifford Pinchot – a forester that helped establish American Society of Foresters; director of U.S. Dept of Agr., Forestry Division; promoted sustained yield practices within forests; late 1800's early 1900's Aldo Leopold - founder of wildlife management in U.S.; wrote Game Management in 1933 that outlined current knowledge in wildlife management and set up formal field of study Carl Hubbs and Ralph Eschmeyer – wrote The Improvement of Lakes for Fishing in 1938 and set up fishery management as a formal field of study

9. J.N. “Ding” Darling - writer and naturalist; helped persuade Congress to pass the Duck Stamp Act (source of revenue for management); helped with coop units at universities, Wildlife Management Institute, and National Wildlife Federation; director of Bureau of U.S. Biological Survey (now Fish and Wildlife Service); mid 1900's Chapter 2 Definitions – ecosystem - interacting system of biotic and abiotic components in a particular area or place - ecosystem classification based on major characteristic such as dominant plant type (terrestrial) or water body type (aquatic) - class can be broad (grasslands, mountain system) or narrow (oak-hickory stand, catfish pond) in range

10. - generally, energy and nutrients cycle within an ecosystem, but can be exchanged between systems (migratory birds and fish; transitory species such as raccoons, large birds) – biotic community - living portion of an ecosystem (biotic) – biome - extensive region of similar vegetation and animal life (Arctic tundra, tropical rainforest, temperate deciduous forest, short grass prairie) – biosphere - layer around the earth in which all living things are found – species richness - number of species in a community (plant or animal)

11. – species diversity - an index that includes both # of species present and relative abundance of each species in the calculation (Shannon-Wiener and Simpson Index); also called biodiversity or biological diversity; can be genetic diversity within a pop, species diversity within ecosystems, or community and ecosystem diversity across landscapes of regions – population - all individuals of a species within a specified area at a given time – metapopulation - a population existing as a set of geographically separate subpopulations but with some genetic interchange among them