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Dignity in care: using images to find out what it means to student nurses

This research study explores the meaning of dignity in care from the perspective of student nurses. It investigates the factors that promote dignity in care and uses photo-elicitation to gain insights. The study also employs qualitative and quantitative content analysis techniques to analyze the collected data.

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Dignity in care: using images to find out what it means to student nurses

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  1. Dignity in care: using images to find out what it means to student nurses R. Mullen, Dr A. Kydd, Dr L. McMillan and Dr A. Fleming UWS Festival of Learning, 2016

  2. Content

  3. The research purpose Dignity in care: Exploring the perceptions of student nurses enrolled in a three-year preregistration undergraduate adult nursing programme • What meaning does dignity in care have for student nurses? • What are student nurses’ perceptions of the factors that promote dignity in care?

  4. Nominal Group Technique Harvey and Holmes (2012); Porter (2012); Potter, Gordon and Hammer (2004); Van De Ven and Delbecq (1972) Ahighly structured technique used in group settings to explore areas of interest and develop consensus

  5. Nominal Group Technique

  6. Nominal Group Technique Kennedy and Clinton (2009)

  7. Stage 1: Silent generation of ideas Images (NES, 2012) Response booklet Please take a few moments to select an image that captures something of what dignity in care means to you. Jot down what it was about the image that captured something of that meaning for you.

  8. Why embed photo-elicitation? The nature of: • The concept • The participants Image 5A (NES, 2012)

  9. The nature of the concept • Complex • Value-laden Banks (2007); Barton (2015); Dewar (2012); Harper (2002) Image 45A (NES, 2012)

  10. The nature of the participants • Fluency • Student voice Banks (2007); Barton (2015); Edgar (1999); Lorenz and Kolb (2009); Richard and Lahman (2015)

  11. Dignity in care “Taking time to listen to a patient…Time spent when working with a patient while carrying out care…Do not rush a patient and make them feel like an inconvenience.” [12A.06] Image 37A (NES, 2012)

  12. Data analysis Braun and Clarke (2006);Flick (2015); Vaismoradi, Turunen & Bondas (2013)

  13. Qualitative content analysis • Gaining a sense of the whole • Selecting the unit of analysis • Coding the data • Categorising the data Elo and Kyngäs (2008); Miles, Huberman and Saldaña (2014); Saldaña (2009);

  14. Values coding: Vulnerability “…Dignity in care is about protecting the vulnerable person” [13.03] Image 59A (NES, 2012)

  15. Dignity in care is not having to worry about leaving it at the door [13.05] Dignity in care is about the feelings involved e.g. happiness, sadness, embarrassment, contentment, fear, anxiety, safety Image 24A (NES, 2012)

  16. Dignity in care is being respectful of a person’s individuality [12A.01] Dignity in care is about respecting individuality e.g. the importance of the uniqueness of the individual and their perspective on what constitutes dignity in their own care. Image 33A (NES, 2012)

  17. Quantitative content analysis • How many images were selected • How often were individual images selected • How many statements were in each category Flick (2015)

  18. Frequency of image selection Image 32A (NES, 2012) Image 64A (NES, 2012)

  19. One image, multiple meanings • “To me dignity is about listening as well as many other things… I think it’s important that people should be heard” [14A.05] • “…if you want to have a conversation with someone you have to make sure it’s only him or her that can hear.” [14B.08] Image 28A (NES, 2012)

  20. Tensions

  21. Counterbalance Process Practice Pre-existing images Ease of use Time-efficient Clear trigger question • Engaging • Enjoyable • Collaborative • Rich Gong et al. (2012); Harris and Guillemin (2012); Linz (2011); Richard and Lahman (2015); Schwartz (1989)

  22. Photo-elicitation… “…mines deeper shafts into a different part of human consciousness than do words-alone interviews” Harper (2002, p. 23)

  23. Student nurses’ perceptions of dignity: An innovative use of photo-elicitation R. Mullen, Dr A. Kydd, Dr L. McMillan and Dr A. Fleming UWS Festival of Learning, 2016

  24. References Barton, K. C. (2015) Elicitation techniques: Getting people to talk about ideas they don’t usually talk about. Theory & Research in Social Education [Online] Vol.43(2), pp. 179-205. Available: Taylor & Francis Online [Accessed: 04 April 2016]. Brand, G., and McMurray, A. (2009) Reflection on photographs: exploring first-year nursing students' perceptions of older adults. Journal of Gerontological Nursing [Online] Vol.35(11), pp. 30-37. Available: ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source [Accessed: 26 October 2015]. Dewar, B. (2012) Using creative methods in practice development to understand and develop compassionate care. International Practice Development Journal [Online] Vol.2(1), pp. 1-11. Available: http://www.fons.org/Resources/Documents/Journal/Vol2No1/IPDJ_0201_02.pdf [Accessed: 4 November 2014]. Elo, S., and Kyngäs, H. (2008) The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing [Online] Vol.62(1), pp. 107-115. Available: CINAHL [Accessed: 10 January 2014]. Elo, S., Kääriäinen, M., Kanste, O., Pölkki, T., Utriainen, K., and Kyngäs, H. (2014) Qualitative Content Analysis: A Focus on Trustworthiness. SAGE Open [Online] Vol.4(1), pp. Available: CINAHL [Accessed: 10 January 2014]. Hansen-Ketchum, P., and Myrick, F. (2008) Photo methods for qualitative research in nursing: an ontological and epistemological perspective. Nursing Philosophy [Online] Vol.9(3), pp. 205-213. Available: CINAHL [Accessed: 13 May 2014]. Harper, D. (2002) Talking about pictures: a case for photo elicitation. Visual Studies [Online] Vol.17(1), pp. 13-26. Available: SocIndex with Full Text [Accessed: 15 May 2013]. Harris, A., and Guillemin, M. (2012) Developing sensory awareness in qualitative interviewing: a portal into the otherwise unexplored. Qualitative Health Research. Vol.22(5), pp.689-699. Harvey, N., and Holmes, C. A. (2012) Nominal group technique: An effective method for obtaining group consensus. International Journal of Nursing Practice [Online] Vol.18(2), pp. 188-194. Available: CINAHL [Accessed: 10 January 2014].

  25. References Kennedy, A., and Clinton, C. (2009) Identifying the professional development needs of early career teachers in Scotland using nominal group technique. Teacher Development [Online] Vol.13(1), pp. 29-41. Available: Taylor and Francis Online [Accessed: 28 October 2014]. Gong, F., Castaneda, D., Zhang, X., Stock, L., Ayala, L., and Baron, S. (2012) Using the associative imagery technique in qualitative health research: The experiences of homecare workers and consumers. Qualitative Health Research [Online] Vol.22(10), pp. 1414-1424. Available: SAGE Journals [Accessed: 04 April 2016]. Linz, S. (2011) Photo elicitation: Enhancing learning in the affective domain. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing [Online] Vol.42(9), pp. 393-394. Available: ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source [Accessed: 04 April 2016]. Lorenz, L. S., and Kolb, B. (2009) Involving the public through participatory visual research methods. Health Expectations. Vol.12(3), pp.262-274. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., and Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis. A Methods Sourcebook. 3rd ed. London: SAGE Publications Inc. NHS Education for Scotland. (2012) Envision. [Online] Available: http://nes.scot.nhs.uk/education-and-training/by-discipline/nursing-and-midwifery/resources/publications/valuing-feedback-envision-cards.aspx [Accessed: 20 November 2014]. Porter, J. (2012) Be careful how you ask! Using focus groups and nominal group technique to explore the barriers to learning. International Journal of Research & Method in Education. Vol.36(1), pp.33-51.

  26. References Potter, M., Gordon, S., and Hamer, P. (2004) The nominal group technique: a useful consensus methodology in physiotherapy research. New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy. Vol.32(3), pp.126-130. Richard, V. M., and Lahman, M. K. E. (2015) Photo-elicitation: reflexivity on method, analysis, and graphic portraits. International Journal of Research & Method in Education [Online] Vol.38(1), pp. 3-22. Available: Taylor & Francis Online [Accessed: 04 April 2016]. Robson, C. (2011). Real World Research. 3rd ed. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Saldaña, J. (2009). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., and Bondas, T. (2013) Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing & Health Sciences. Vol.15(3), pp.398-405. Van De Ven, A. H., and Delbecq, A. L. (1972) The Nominal Group as a Research Instrument for Exploratory Health Studies. American Journal of Public Health. Vol.62(3), pp.337-342.

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