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Corps of Engineers Funding for Navigation Infrastructure

US Army Corps of Engineers. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Corps of Engineers Funding for Navigation Infrastructure. David V. Grier Institute for Water Resources Presented at Financing Freight Transportation Improvements U.S. Dept. of Transportation Seminar

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Corps of Engineers Funding for Navigation Infrastructure

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  1. US Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Corps of Engineers Funding for Navigation Infrastructure David V. Grier Institute for Water Resources Presented at Financing Freight Transportation Improvements U.S. Dept. of Transportation Seminar April 29, 2001 St. Louis, MO

  2. Corps of Engineers Activities • Civil Works Missions • Navigation • Flood Control • Hydropower • Environmental Stewardship • Emergency Response & Recovery • Shore & Hurricane Protection • Water Supply • Recreation • Regulatory Programs

  3. Million Tons Over 100 50 - 100 25 - 50 10 - 25 Principal U.S. Ports Handling Over 10 Million Tons in 1997 Anacortes Seattle Tacoma Two Harbors Presque Isle Portland Duluth/Superior Portland Calcite Boston Burns WW Hbr Lorain Detroit Indiana Hbr Ashtabula Chicago New York/NJ Pittsburgh Toledo Philadelphia Gary Cleveland Richmond Paulsboro Baltimore Marcus Hook Oakland Cincinnati Newport News Huntington Norfolk St. Louis Los Angeles Long Beach Memphis Charleston Baton Rouge Savannah Pascagoula Lake Charles Jacksonville Houston Mobile Texas City Honolulu Plaquemines Freeport Port Arthur New Orleans Tampa Beaumont S. Louisiana Galveston Valdez Corpus Christi Port Everglades

  4. National Challenge:Aging Water Resources Infrastructure • Investments in water resources Infrastructure have declined • Aging infrastructure will cause performance and customer satisfaction problems • Corps infrastructure: • 49% of lock chambers; 29% of dams at least 50 years old • O&M backlog of $450M doesn’t provide needed maintenance to prolong life of infrastructure National Need A High-Performance, Environmentally Sustainable Infrastructure

  5. National Challenge:Water Transportation System • Contributes 8% of GDP • System nearing capacity • Commerce to double by 2020 • Already a generation behind in channel design • Capacity constraints increase transportation costs, pollution, congestion National Need A strong environmentally sustainable maritime transportation system Investment Required: $14.7 B

  6. U.S. Waterborne Commerce1960 - 1999 Annual Growth 1.9% 3.3% 0.8%

  7. Key Deep-Draft Harbor Improvement Projects in FY01 Budget L. Washington Ship Canal Columbia R. Great Lakes Boston Navigation System Port Jersey Arthur Kill Waukegan Hbr New York/NJ Redwood City Delaware R. Kill Van Kull Stockton Baltimore C&D Canal Oakland James R. Norfolk/Craney I. Santa Barbara Los Angeles Wilmington San Diego Charleston Savannah Pascagoula Under Study (17) Brunswick Houston/ Under Galveston Construction (14) Sabine-Neches Pt. Everglades Manatee Corpus Christi Miami

  8. Container TEUs (Millions) Over 2.0 1.0 - 2.0 .25 - 1.0 Under .25 Top 25 U.S. Container Ports Seattle Tacoma Portland Boston New York/NJ Philadelphia Wilmington, DE Oakland Baltimore Hampton Roads Los Angeles Long Beach Wilmington, NC Charleston Savannah Jacksonville Houston Gulfport Anchorage New Orleans Palm Honolulu Beach San Juan Port Everglades Miami

  9. Forecasted Growth in TEU Throughput at U.S. Deep Draft Ports: 2000-2020(thousands of TEUs) 60,000 50,000 40,000 Imports TEUs (thousands) Exports 30,000 Total 20,000 10,000 0 Year 2000 Year 2010 Year 2020

  10. Containership Sizes Million Tons 500 Post- Panamax Panamax 400 300 200 100 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

  11. Constrained Containership Calls by Coastal Region with and without Planned Corps Projects: Year 2000 and 2020 20 16 Year 2000 constrained calls (thousands) Year 2020 with planned projects 12 Year 2020 without planned projects 8 4 0 Atlantic Coast Pacific Coast Gulf Coast Great Lakes

  12. Total U.S. Inland Waterway Traffic Historic and Forecast: 1975-2020 Million Tons 1,000 950 900 836 800 700 722 630 600 500 400 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20 Year

  13. Average Queue Delays at Locks Locks Over 1.5 Hours, 1998 Inner Harbor Bayou Sorrel Miss 25 Miss 24 Kentucky Algiers Miss 22 Marmet Miss 14 Ohio 52 Port Allen Miss 17 LaGrange Miss 15 Lockport Greenup Harvey Miss 20 Chickamauga Miss 21 Miss 27 Miss 16 Marseilles 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Hours

  14. Why delays at locks? Multiple lockages to pass a tow result in long queues that are costly and inefficient. Queues at old L&D 26 on the Mississippi could last hours or even days. A new 1200-foot main chamber allows tows of 15 barges to pass in a single lockage, eliminating most of the delay. The new lock handles 70 million tons annually -- mostly export grain.

  15. Montgomery Point New Construction Inner Harbor Major Rehabilitation Operational While Construction Continues Inland NavigationConstruction Program • Ongoing construction: • 9 lock & dam construction projects • 5 major rehabs • Cost: $4.4 billion L&D 3 Rehab L&D 12 Rehab Lower Mon 2-4 L&D 14 Rehab Winfield Byrd L&D 24 Rehab Marmet London Rehab McAlpine Olmsted Kentucky

  16. Upper Miss & Illinois (37 Locks) Black Warrior - Tombigbee Major Inland Navigation Studies • Several major studies of inland navigation needs to 2020 and beyond • Upper Miss & Illinois - 7 locks authorized for PED if justified • Ohio River – 600’ lock extensions at Greenup and Myers auth WRDA 2000 • Other candidate locks on GIWW and BWT L&D 11 Rehab Greenup Myers Ohio River Mainstem (19 Locks) White R. Arkansas R. Chickamauga Red R. to Index Ala. R. Calcasieu GIWW Texas Coast Bayou Sorrel (Multiple Studies) LA Intracoastal Waterway Locks

  17. Corps Civil Works Appropriationby Business Program, FY 2001 Water Supply: $7.2M 0.2% Recreation $280.1M 6% Hydropower $196.5M 4% Environment & Regulatory $808.0M 18% Navigation $1,887.5M 42% Total: $4.5 billion Flood & Coastal Storm Damage Prevention $1,358.4M 30% Emergency Management: $7.3 M 0.1%

  18. FY01 Appropriation:Navigation Business Program GI $40 million MR&T $32.9 million TOTAL: $1,887.5 million Const. Gen. $571.6 million O&M $1,179.9 million

  19. Navigation Operations & Maintenance Expenditures 1977-99Current $ and 1996 Constant $ ($000) 1,400,000 Current $ 1,200,000 Constant 1,000,000 1996 $ 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 77 80 85 90 95 99 Year

  20. Navigation Construction Expenditures1990-2000Current $ and 1996 Constant $ Million 550 Current 500 $ 450 Constant 1996 $ 400 350 300 250 200 90 92 94 96 98 2000 Year

  21. Navigational ActivitiesFY 2001 Civil Works Budget ($ Millions) Navigation Studies $14 Preconstruction Eng. & Design* 14 R&D, etc. 13 Inland Construction* 175 Coastal Harbor Construction* 285 Other Construction 11 Inland Waterway Operation & Maint. 475 Coastal Harbor O&M* 665 Gen. Expenses 64 Total in Civil Works Appropriation $1,716 *Cost-Shared Activities (sponsor contributions not included except IWTF)

  22. Funding Sources forCorps Navigation Expenditures Harbors O&M Federal Government 0% Harbor Maintenance TF 100% Construction Federal Government 40-80% Project Sponsors 20-60% Inland Waterways O&M Federal Government 100% Construction Federal Government 50% Inland Waterways TF 50%

  23. Harbor MaintenanceTrust Fund • Established in WRDA 1986 • Ad valorem tax of .125% on cargo value • Reimburses Treasury for 100% of harbor O&M since 1990 • Issues: • Tax on exports ruled unconstitutional by U.S. Supreme Court in 1998 and no longer collected • Tax on imports may be challenged at WTO • Alternative Harbor Services Fee rejected by Congress • Increasing balance

  24. Harbor Maintenance Trust FundRevenues, Transfers and Balance1988 - 2000 and Projected 2001-04 Million 2,000 Projected Balance Revenues 1,500 & Interest Transfers 1,000 500 0 88 90 95 2000 04 Year

  25. 20 Harbor ImprovementCost Sharing Requirements Non-Federal sponsors pay a share of project cost based on deepening increment: • 20’ or less: • 10% up front • 10% over time • 20-45’ • 25% up front • 10% over time • +45’ • 50% up front • 10% over time 45

  26. Inland Waterways Trust FundLegislative Background • Inland Waterways Revenue Act of 1978 • Created fuel tax at 4 cents per gallon • Designated 26 shallow draft waterways on which the tax would apply • Water Resources Development Act of 1986 • Established Users Board • Authorized expenditures from fund for 8 lock & dam projects • Precedent for 50/50 cost-sharing • Increase tax to 20 cents by 1995 • WRDAs 88, 90, 92, 96, 99, 2000 • Criteria for “major rehab” and “modernization” • Added 7 new locks, 9 major rehabs, 1 protective coastal barrier • PED for 1200-ft chambers at 5 Upper Miss and 2 Illinois locks

  27. Inland Waterways Trust FundCurrent Status: End FY 00 • Starting Balance: $370.6 Million • Revenues: $99.6 Million • Interest: $20 Million • Outlays: $102.4 Million • Ending Balance: $387.8 Million $$$

  28. Funding for Lock & Dam ConstructionCost-Shared with IWTF: 1987 - 2007 $ Million 600 Historic Historic Potential Outlays 500 Ceilings 400 Capability 300 200 100 0 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 02 04 06 Year

  29. IWTF BalanceBased on Historic and Potential Outlays: 1987 - 2002 $ Million 700 Historic Historic With Potential Outlays 600 Ceilings 500 400 Capability 300 Income 200 100 0 (100) 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 02 04 06 Year

  30. Summary • Navigation infrastructure will need major investments through 2020 to meet traffic growth – nearly $15bn est. • Funding has been and continues to be constrained • Mix of funding sources and policies complicates situation and adds to uncertainty • Trust fund balances continue to grow and are treated as part of Corps’ budget ceiling

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